PUBH 3003 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hallucinogensa. Effectsb. HistoryII. LSDa. Other similar hallucinogensb. PCPIII. MDMAOutline of current Lecture:I. A bit about inhalants a. Consequencesb. How they are usedc. Types of inhalants II. In the newsIII. Signs of abuse Did you know…- More than 1000 commercial and household products are abused in the USo Glues, nail polish remover, paint thinner, spray paint, butane lighter fluid, propane gas, cooking sprays, whipping cream aerosols, marking pens, air conditioning coolants - Inhalant abuse is typically problem of adolescents and teenagers (by 8th grade, 11.8% abused inhalants A bit about inhalants - Most inhalants produce a rapid high that resembles alcohol intoxication with initial excitation then drowsiness, disinhibition, lightheadedness, apathy, impaired judgment,agitation, nausea and vomiting.- Nearly all solvents and gases produce anesthesia – a loss of sensation – and can lead to unconsciousness- High Doses: confusion, delirium, dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, depressed reflexes, muscle weakness, and lethargy- Other medical consequences:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Asphyxiation- from repeated inhalations  high concentrations od fumes that displace oxygen available in lungs o Suffocation: blocking air from entering the lungs (such as plastic bag over head)o Convulsions or seizures- abnormal electrical discharges in braino Coma- if brain shuts down all but most of the vital functionso Choking- from inhalant useo Fatal injury- accidentsHow are they used:- “Sniffing” or “snorting” fumes from containers- Spraying aerosols directly in the nose or mouth - “Bagging” – sniffing or inhaling fumes from substances sprayed or deposited inside a plastic or paper bag- “Huffing” from an inhalant soaked rag stuffed in the mouth; and inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide 3 Types of inhalantsNitrates:- Chemicals that cause vasodilation (widening of blood vesslils) and relax smooth muscle tissueso Drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate, sense of warmth and mild euphoria- Chemicals that are yellow, volatile and flammable liquidso Nitroglycerin in 1864; used to relive heart pain caused by blocked blood vesselso Now amyl nitrate is used for medical purposes - Serious toxicity problems if nitrates are swallowed instead of inhaled (interferes with blood’s ability to transport oxygen)- Tolerance and withdrawalo Headaches, weakness, dizzinesso Cardiac and circulatory problemsAnesthetics - Various; only nitrous oxide is available widely enough to be a significant abuse concerno Balloons, whipped cream dispensers, etc.- Produces mild euphoria, reduction in pain, muscular relaxation, and reduction in pain, muscular relaxation and reduction in inhibitions (then drowsiness with increased concentrations and could lead to loss of consciousness)- Risk of overdose is relatively low to very high (modern surgical anesthesia agents)-Solvents - Never intended for human use and “should never be used by anyone under any circumstances” (buzzed)o Glues, paints, gasoline, cleaning fluids, etc.- Produce effects similar to those of alcohol  mild euphoria, loss of inhibition, stimulation followed by depressiono Serious intoxication  headache, muscle incoordination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain- Risk of lethal overdose is significanto Death often occurs due to heart rhythm disruption or lack of oxygenCurrent Pattern and signs of abuse- Inhalants are commons first-time drugs the youth/children abuse. Popular for many reasons:o Legally obtained o Readily available at home o Inexpensiveo Easy to concealo Most users are uninformed about potential dangerso Feelings of intoxication and euphoria Signs of abuse- Common characteristics o Often collect assortment of chemicals in bedroom (paints, glues, thinners, nail polish, etc.)o Breath occasionally smells of solventso Often have sniffles similar to a cold but without other symptoms of illnesso Appear drunk for short periods of time (15-60 min) but recover quicklyo Hiding rags, clothes or empty containerso Watery eyes, nausea, headaches,