PUBH 3003 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. How It works II. Symptoms and Effects a. Short termb. Long termIII. Laws and HistoryIV. Benefits of usea. Medical use V. Debate on Safety Outline Of Current Lecture I. MethII. Stimulantsa. Stimulants and the bodyb. Dangerous aspects c. Approved use III. Stimulants and alcoholIV. Cocainea. From leaves b. Your brain on cocaineV. Caffeine a. Your brain on caffeine b. Contentc. Health effects d. Energy drinksCurrent Lecture: StimulantsMeth inside and out: Brain and behavior – triggers - Triggers to methamphetamine use and tertiary prevention (recovery and treatment)- Methamphetamine (meth, crystal, chalk, ice) takes form of a white odorless, bitter tasting crystalline powderStimulants These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- All major stimulants cause increased alertness, excitation, and euphoria; thus these drugs are referred to as “uppers”o Schedule 1 (“designer” amphetamines)o Schedule 2 (methamphetamine and cocaine)- Minor stimulants include caffeine, nicotine and herbalStimulants and the body - “Fight or Flight Response”o Heart and blood pressure issueso Increase in body temperature - Potent effects on dopamine in the reward center of the brain- Alertness- Anxiety, severe apprehension, or panic- Behavioral stereotypy- meaningless repetition of a single activityDangerous aspects- overdose, combinations - OTC cold remedies with decongestants  raise blood pressure to dangerous levels - Cocaine dangerous with anything that affects heart rhythm (meds for heart disease) and anything that makes people more sensitive to seizureso Cocaine can lead to seizures, sudden cardiac death, stroke, and issues with breathing- Psychiatric: Paranoid Schizophrenia- Profound addiction can develop to any stimulantDose Dependent EffectsMind: (from low to high dose)- Decreased fatigue- Increased confidence - Increased feeling of alertness- Restlessness, talkativeness- Increased irritability- Fearfulness, apprehension- Distrust of people - Behavior stereotypy - Hallucination- PsychosisBody: (from low to high dose)- Increased heartbeat- Increased blood pressure- Decreased appetite - Increased breathing rate- Inability to sleep- Sweating- Dry mouth- Muscle twitching- Convulsions- Fever- Chest pain- Irregular heartbeat - Death due to overdoseApproved Use - Narcolepsy- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)o Methylphenidate (Ritalin)o Amphetamine (Adderall)Adderall and Ritalin Abuse - Students seek competitive edge by taking Adderall and Ritalin.- In the past year, among full time college students and other persons aged 18 to 22 have abused these drugs Does it help?For someone with ADHD, yes Controversy- Is it ADHD? Need for more movement? Something else?- Non prescription use:o Non-prescription stimulant use was linked to lower grades by the end of freshman yearo Frontal Cortex likes “just the right amount of stimulation” – not too much or too littleoo Improvement in learning and memory is controversialStimulants (Like Adderall) and Alcohol- Mixing alcohol and stimulants is dangerouso Its easy to consume potentially dangerous amounts of alcohol when a stimulant is blocking the depressant effects of alcoholo Its much easier to miss body’s warning signs that ones had enough to drink Coca- Cocaine - The first era- 2500 BC South America- Erythroxylum Coca Shrub- Religious ceremonies by chewing leaves or drinking in tea- Suppressed hunger, provided energy, euphoria- Anesthetic Cocaine from leaves: Second Era - 1860’s- coca imported to Europe -> purification from leaves- 1870’s – Angelo Mariani (chemist) Vin Mariani as a ‘medical wine’- 1880 cocaine tooth drops, asthma cures, cocaine band aids- Coca Cola- Until 1980’s, cocaine was viewed by the U.S public as relatively safe drug- now we know its very addiction with dangerous side effects Cocaine Transforms Latin American Economies - Peru, Bolivia, Colombiao Most profitable cash cropo Coca can be easily cultivated and maintained and harvested a couple times a yearo Dud more for development than IMF/ world bank?Your Brain on Cocaine Form of administration important in determining intensity of cocaine’s effects. Its abuse liability, and likelihood of toxicity- Orally- chewing coco leafs (slowest route to the brain and also less potent)- Inhaled- into the nasal passages (Snorting) peak concentration 30 min- Injected – intravenously (fastest) - Smoked – Free basing (crack ) (fast)Caffeine - Often in beverage form : coffee, teao Also found in OTC medicines and chocolate - Caffeine is the most frequently consumed drug in the world Your brain on Caffeine (coffee)- Route of administration – digestion- Eliminated slowly from the body- Caffeine inhibits the action of adenosine in the brain- Tolerance develops but fatal overdose is extremely rare- Environment: drinking caffeinated beverage at same time every day as a part of daily ritual- Increases normal stress rateCaffeine Content- For coffee, the amount of caffeine varies depending on a number of factors:o Type of beano Method of roastingo Fineness of grindo Method of brewingo EspressoHealth Effects - Caffeine and memory? Caffeine and Alzheimers disease?- Caffeine increases excretion of calcium -> lowering calcium levels in body- Treatment for headache/ migrane due to construction of blood vessels - Caffeine and physical performance –it may help to some extent, but also causes dehydration- 2-3 cups/ daily can improve cognitive functioning and digestion- Current research shows that mild use of caffeine may be protective to the following:o Type 2 diabeteso Parkinson’s diseaseo Alzheimer’s diseaseo Dementiao Liver Diseaseo Certain Cancerso Coronary Heart DiseaseEnergy Drinks- 500 new energy drink products introduced world wide in 2006- 31% of 12-17 year olds are regular consumers- begin with soft drink, then energy drink, then add alcohol to energy drink. That’s how kids are