PUBH 3003 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (January 22)Substance Use- 7.9% of Americans struggle with a drug or alcohol problem -95% of people with substance use problems are considered unaware of their problem-Some current effects of substance abuse :- HIV/AIDS and other STI’s - Mental Health Illness- Work-Place Problems- Domestic Violence- Child Abuse- Motor Vehicle Accidents- Teenage Pregnancy- Homicide- Suicide- CrimeYearly Costs in The USA- Alcohol: Health Care= $30 billion, Overall = $235 Billion - Tobacco: Health Care= $96 billion, Overall = $193 Billion - Illicit Drugs: Health Care = $11 million, Overall = $193 BillionGeneral Trends- Use of most drugs other than Marijuana has not changed appreciably over the past decade or has declined - Most people use drugs for the first time when they are teenagers- More than half of new illicit drug users start with Marijuana. Next most common are pain relievers, followed by inhalants (which is most common among teenagers)“Treatment Gap”- Estimate 23.1 Million Americans (8.9 %) need treatment for drug alcohol related issues…. but only 1.7% felt they needed it and recieved it History of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1. Drugs have been around forever2. Drug control laws have not been passed solely for health and welfare of population3. Government controls can have unintended consequences 4. Naturally Occurring forms tend to be safer than man made forms of the same drug5. Prohibition of any drug usually leads to importation of less bulky and more potent forms of the drug1) Most commonly implicated drug in crimes, hospitalizations and lost work days is alcohol2) LSD has the least potential for physical addiction or dependence Legal Model- Criminal law issues - Illicit and licit drugsMedicinal Model- addiction study regarding biologic, psychologic and social mechanismsMoral Model-Personal choice Using a public Health model1. Deals with conditions that affect large amounts of people2. deals with conditions affecting wide segments of the population3. Deals with problems that are communicable 4. Deals with problems that are preventable 5. A major part of public health interventions is education6. A long tradition of being interdisciplinary, using a number of different disciplines and professionals to solve problems The A.P.E ModelAgent: The drug itselfPerson: The person using the drug- Internal (age, sex, genetic inheritance)- External (Lack of sleep, food and excersise)Environment: Numerous- Religious- cultural- physical- legal Lecture 2 (January 27 ) Nervous System -Central and Peripheral Nervous systems. Both parts constantly working together.Central- Brain and Spinal CordPeripheral- Somatic and Autonomic Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Sympathetic- In the event of an emergency this system helps figure out what to doParasympathetic- Equalizes the body and brings it back to normalCentral Nervous SystemThree vital functions1. Circulatory system (heart, blood vessels)2. Respiratory System (breathing)3. Reflex System (Rapid response to a threat)Works to maintain equilibrium (balance)- Brain as a balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences Response to experience by learning (Plasticity- brains ability to change)- recognizes neurochemistry and connections so experience is remembered; names, faces, place, odors, emotions, etc- Ability to undergo plasticity can be modified by drugs Complexity of the Brain 1: Structural1. CNS composed of approx 100 billion nerve cells or neurons2. Most organs composed of only a handful of cell types. The brain in contrast has literally thousands of different kinds of neurons, each different in its term of chemistry, shape and connections3. Each neuron on average makes more than 1,000 synaptic connections with other neuronsEvery Neuron has four regions: Dendrites, cell body, Axons and presynaptic terminals- Dendrite- a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.- Cell Body- the compact area of a nerve cell that constitutes the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, excluding the axons and dendrites.- Axons- also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. - Presynaptic Terminals- The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. Complexity of the Brain II: Neurochemicals - Electric signals within neurons are converted at synapses are converted into chemical signals which then elicit electrical signals on the other sideof the synapseo These are called neurotransmitters- 100 different neurotransmittersTwo Most Common Neurotransmitters- GABA (GAMA Aminobutyric acid)o Inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter - Glutamate o Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter- Both are needed for proper functioning of the CNSHow Neurons Work- All we do, think and feel is because of neurons - A single one can’t “think”; Its all about the connections to other neurons (as many as a thousand for one neuron)- Each neuron can turn a neighbor “on” or “off”Parts of the Brain- Frontal Lobe- Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, and personality- Motor Complex- Movement - Sensory Cortex- Sensations- Parietal Lobe- perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling- Temporal Lobe- Memory, understanding, language- Occipital lobe- vision- Brain Stem- Regulates breathing, body temperature, heart activity, etc- Cerebellum - Controls balance and muscle co- ordinationAlcohol and the brain - Alcohol affects thought processes and inhibitions - Affects memory, concentration and process of auditory information- Alcohol slows a person’s breathing and decreases body temperature - Alcohol affects our balance- Affects incoming visual information Complexity of the Brain III: Plasticity - Every time a person learns something new,whether it is conscious or unconscious, that experience alters the structure of the brain- Experience that is salient enough to cause memory creates new synaptic connections, prunes away old ones, and strengthens or weakens existing ones Neurogenesis- the process