GEOS 212 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of last lectureLECTURE 20 OUTLINE (Food Webs – 9 April 2015) Overview of main events in the evolution of marine life (from handout) Summary of evolution: - Physical environment on Earth is continually changing - Organisms evolve in form & function to adapt to changes (= natural selection) Gradual change accommodated by slow evolution Rapid change drives extinction, followed by rapid evolution - Information acquired from ancestors stored in DNA, so successful traits are passed on Food Webs & Trophic Pyramid Primary producers (microscopic plants: phytoplankton) Primary consumers (vegetarians; e.g., krill) Secondary consumers (eat mostly animals) Top predator/Apex predator (eats everything!) Trophic levels (who you eat, who eats you; need to eat 10 pounds of food for every pound of you) Biomass needed for vegetarians/herbivores vs carnivoresOutline of Current Lecture: LECTURE 21 OUTLINE (Kelp & Mangrove Forests – 14 April 2014)Kelp Forest CommunityOccurs in shallow water (<100 feet deep),Generally along continental shelvesLikes cool water (between 40º and 70º F)Blooms during summer monthsKelp Forest on US west coast (Seasons in the Sea video)Part 1: (5:35-12:20) (to 6:40)- Critical aspects of Western US coast:- Depth, size, & structure of kelp- Gray whale migration, feeding, population- Otters (hunting/recovery, specific use of kelp)- Winter storms (good & bad aspects)Part 2: (21:35-25:40) (to 10:39)- Otters (insulation, linkage with urchins & kelp)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Who else feeds on urchins?- What is an urchin barren and how does it form?- Starfish feeding strategyPart 3: (41:52-46:19) (to 15:01)- Important aspects of kelp forest- Garibaldi nesting/mating/parenting strategies- Survival chances of juvenile fishPart 4: (47:30-55:05) (to 22:37)- Food web of kelp, plankton, krill, anchovies, blue shark, blue whale- Blue whale (size, feeding strategies, population)Mangrove Forest CommunityOccurs in intertidal zone along gently sloping continental shelvesLikes warm water (> 70º F)Structure of mangrovesMangrove Forest along east African coast (African Tides video)Part 1: 9:55-11:55 (to 2:57)- Unusual adaptation of mudskipper fish?- Structure of mangrove forest- Primary producers?- Reproductive strategy of mangrove?Part 2: 29:35-33:32 (to 6:53)- Feeding strategy of mangrove jack fish catching sardines?- How do porcupine fish avoid predation?- How do mudskippers avoid predation?- Partnership of prawn and gobi?- Partnership of crayfish and moray?- How does octopus avoid predator?Current
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