POLS 102 1st EditionLecture 22Outline of Last Lecture1. Review2. Dearth of Positive Presidential Power over Law Making Processesa. Limited Positive Powerb. Separation of Powerc. Weak Party leaderd. Different Constituents Outline of Current Lecture1. Presidential Strategies to Advance a Policy Agenda in the Relative Absence of PositvePowera. Persuasionb. Bargainingc. Going Publicd. Veto Bargaininge. Unilateral ActionCurrent LecturePresidential Strategies to Advance a Policy Agenda in the Relative Absence of Positive Power1. Persuasion – the President convinces members of Congress that what is in his interest is also in their interests- Presidential power is the power to persuade- Psychologically you want to help the president. It’s hard to say not to the President when he comes to you begging More Effective When:a. The President is popularb. The President is regarded as a policy experti. Example: Jimmy Carter and the Panama Canal Treaty. He believed thatgiving the Canal to Panama would help our reputation and relationship with Latin American’s. It was hard to get 2/3rds of Senator’s to ratify it but he persuaded them and he was looked at as an expert.2. Bargaining – the President trades or negotiates. with members of Congressa. Earmarks in the budget for member’s districtsi. President helps them get things for their districts in order to get the Congress members VotesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Earmarks = specify that funds get spent in specific geographic locations.b. Fundraising – going to events in a members district to help the member get re-elected and in turn the member will vote for the president’s cause3. Going Public – the President lobbies member’s constituents to lobby members on behalf of the President’s policy proposals. Basically the President is speaking out and saying that it’d be good for the country as a whole to vote thisway and if your congress member doesn’t vote this way then he is bad.a. The president tries to exercise positive power by threatening membersb. More effective when the president is populari. Example: Reagan’s 1981 Budget proposed increase in defense and decrease in domestic spending. He came on TV with graphs and explained to citizens why the budget should be this way. He called on the citizens to call congressmen and tell them to approve this budgetii. Example: Bush’s position on Iraq. He told the public that it is in the nation’s best interest for national security.c. It’s risky though because it can create ill will because members of Congress don’t like being threatened.4. Veto Bargaining – The President turns a negative power into a positive power.a. The President Veto’s a bill that Congress passes ORb. The President threatens to veto a billc. Then, Congress changes the language of the bill so that the President will like iti. The President wins policy concessions from Congressd. It’s like playing a game of chicken. 5. Unilateral Action – the President just makes decision that the government will do somethinga. It’s possible because:i. The Vesting Clause – vests executive power within the Presidentii. The Take Care Clause – the President shall take care that the laws arefaithfully executediii. The Vast delegation of policy authority to executive agencies1. I.E. The bureaucracyb. Processes through which the President can act unilaterallyi. Executive Orders – directives issued by the President to the Executivebranch commanding it to take specific actions or cease in taking specific actions1. They have to be legal & constitutional executive orders2. That includes major policy effects3. They can’t circumvent US