POLS 102 1st EditionLecture 24Outline of Last Lecture:1. Bureaucracya. Characteristicsb. Public different than privatec. Types of federal agenciesd. What do agencies do?e. Types of policiesf. Outcomes/OutputsOutline of Current Lecture:1. Outputs and Outcomes (Continued)a. Can the activities (outputs) of agency personnel be observed?b. Can the results (outcomes) of those activities be observed?c. Monitoring is necessary but can impede effectivenessd. The More observable outputs and outcomes are the easier it is to observe the successe. Successes and Failuresf. From Spoils to Civil Service System g. Bureaucratic Policy Making: A Democratic Dilemma?2. Political Influence over the Bureaucracya. Congressional Influencei. Police Patrol Oversightii. Fire Alarmiii. The Appropriations Hammerb. Presidential influencei. AppointmentsCurrent LectureBureaucracy Outcomes and Outputs (continued)1. Outputs and Outcomes(the productivity of agencies is directly related to how much the agency is observed)1. Can the activities (outputs) of agency personnel be observed?2. Can the results (outcomes) of those activities be observed?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Yes, Yes for Production Agencies (Social Security Administration) – well observed outputs- Yes, No for Procedural Agencies (regulatory agencies like EPA and the military during peacetime)- No, Yes for Craft Agencies (regulatory compliance inspections – can observe outputs)- No, No for coping agencies (police, school – we are trying to cope with how to observe them)3. Monitoring is necessary but can impede effectiveness a. Monitoring can undermine the outputb. Bad monitoring might impede the output of agenciesc. Example: hiring teachers how are experts on teaching but not letting them through tying their hands and testing the childrend. Taking a coping agency and making it less desirable4. The more observable outputs and outcomes are, the “easier” it is to observe the successa. Clinical tests with the FDA tests, it’s a rigorous process5. Successes and Failuresa. Thalidominde – FDA drug used in Europe to reduce morning sickness of pregnant women which caused birth defects. US success because FDA didn’t allow the drug in USb. Katrina – Federal Emergency Medial Agency (FEMA) sends supplies and help in an emergency. They didn’t doa good job during Katrina. It’s hard to measure the success of FEMA because it’s hard to tell if they’re effective or not until a natural disaster happens.c. Heating Oil – very observabled. Engineering Shortage – The US market demands more engineers, but we aren’t producing engineers and it’s hard to observe why6. From Spoils to Civil Service System (page 353) - Merit Based Hiringa. The spoils endangered electoral advantagesi. Spoils system used as a tool by parties = it wasn’teffectiveb. Civil service reform was politically motivated (Pendelton Act) (page 354)i. Responding to political pressure = people got tired of having a shitty postal serviceii. It would be in a better position to address technical challengesc. Bureaucratic expertise makes delegation possiblei. Congress gives authority to agencies in order to be effectiveii. They delegate the authority because the agencieshave expertise7. Bureaucratic Policy Making : A Democratic Dilemma?- Rationale for bureaucratic policy makinga. Expertise with respect to complex tasksb. Scope of what the government does – they do a lot- Delegation of Authoritya. Congress and President choose what policy outcomes will be pursed – they give agency’s the guidelines to those outcomesi. Ex: Clean air, clean waterb. Agencies choose how to pursue these outcomes that is the bureaucracy chooses policy instrumentsi. But agencies decide how to get to the outcomesc. Policy complexity trumps loss of controli. Agencies might go a different direction than the President and Congress wantedPolitical Influence over the BureaucracyCongressional influence (page 378-390)1. Police Patrol Oversight– active oversight and a watchful eyea) Congressional committees and their staffs monitor the decisionagencies make. They try to make agencies do certain things by:1. Oversight Hearings – people testify2. Investigations3. Government Accountability Office Reports – investigation agency that works for Congress4. Informal Contact – making phone callsb) Try to convince agencies to change decision that violate committees view of what the law means for the agency to do1. They try to get agencies to align their actions with what Congress wants2. Fire Alarm Oversighta) Congressional committees wait to hear from interest groups and other Constituent about bad decisions made by the bureaucracy then they contact the agencies to tell them they aren’t doing things right.b) Efficient from the standpoint of members goals:1. They only investigate when constituents care = they’re efficient3. The Appropriations Hammera) Agencies have the incentive to listen to agencies because otherwise Congress can take money away from them1. Limitation Riders – Congress denies funds from agencies to make decisions for a whole year Presidential Influence (pages 381-384)1. Appointments (Lewis reading 8-3)a. Political appointments influence the substance of policy decisions made by agenciesb. This is consistent with the Presidents Constitutional authority under the TakeCare Clause of Article