LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 19 Syntax part 2 Review Lexicon PS rules NP d adj n pp PP P NP VP adv v np pp S NP VP A problem for our theory so far VP adv V NP PP In fact the NP is not always optional o Harry ate o Hart ate an entire pie o harry devoured o harry devoured an entire pie o harry feasted o harry feasted an entire pie Arguments and Adjuncts An expression which obligatorily co occurs with a word is an argument of that word o harry devoured harry devoured the pie o sam put the ring sam put the ring on his finger an expression which is purely optional is called an adjunct A phrase can have multiple optional adjuncts at the same time o harry devoured the gigantic delicious pie o sam apparently probably often oversleeps syntactic selection selection a word ma select particular types of argument which must co occur with it These selectional requirements listed in the lexicon must be satisfied for grammaticality more English rules Aux o some sentences have an auxiliary verb aux between NP and VP NP the children will VP play in the park o S NP Aux VP Embedded clauses o Clause a phrase consisting of one subject and one predicate o Sentence a complete utterance o A sentence may have one clause or multiple clauses with one embedded inside another ernie likes cookies 1 clause bert knows that ernie likes cookies 2 clauses susan said that Gordon thinks that ernie likes cookies 3 clauses o matrix and embedded clauses the larger ontaining clause is called the matrix clause any smaller clauses contained inside another clause are called embedded clauses Complementizers and CP o Embedded clauses are introduced by a special word called a complementier o English complementizers if that whether We know that you like mysteries I wonder if sarah can make that My cousins asked whether she could help o CP C S VP Adv V NP CP PP Possessive NPs o An NP can contain a possessive NP bob s car the talented child s birthday o where does the possessor NP go the bob s car Bob s refurbished car o NP D NP ADJ N PP Coordination o Coordination join words phrases of the same syntactic category together with a conjunction o A syntactic unit of any lexical category can coordinate S I wanted popcorn but sam wanted pretzels NP I wanted popcorn and pretzels VP she took her coat and walked to the door PP we should eat after school but before the game Recursions with sentences These PS rules are also recursive o CP C S o S NP VP o VP V CP This allows the creation of infinite sentences
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