PSYC 311 1st Edition Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 20Lecture 12 – March 3 – Venom DVD- Toxins are proteins, mutated in venom- Vipers are the toxic animals that have the most sophisticated venom delivery system - Recluse spider bites cause skin/body tissue to eat itself, causing the body to cut off blood flow to that region - Box Jellyfish – most venomous creature in the world - Cone snails – shoot venomous harpoons- Venom is used and manipulated to create an effective treatment against itselfLecture 13 – March 5 – Predator, Anti-Predator relations- Adaptation – inherent capability of a species to adapt to circumstantial change in a manner that increases survivability o Convergent vs. divergent strategies - Prey behaviors – a species typically has one well developed anti-prey behavior and several backups o Strategies to avoid being eaten – avoiding detection, warnings (aposematism), mimicry, terminating pursuit, detection and vigilance, use of a sentry, interspecies cooperative vigilance, group defense, fighting back Lecture 14 – March 10 – Predator, Anti-Predator, continued - Defensive strategies in social animalso Dilution, selfish herd- Approaches to feeding behavior o Generalists vs. specialists o Diversity of ingestive systems – filter feeders, constricting, mastication, etc. Lecture 15 – March 24 – continued, Hummingbird Video- Diversity of digestive systemso Parasites (ticks, tape worms, mites)- Specialization of food – plants compete for sunlight - Hummingbird Video o Live only in Americas (250 species, smallest of all warm blooded animals)Lecture 16 – March 26 – Finding Food- Problems in finding food – seasonal availability, competition with others, predator exposure, refusal of cooperation - Strategies – searching actively, searching passively, growing your own, cooperative hunting- Use of alcohol, spices and dirt Lecture 17 – March 31 – Habitat Selection - Dispersal o Why? Parental pressure, area not suitable year round, destruction, crowdingo Who? Phiopatric (stay), advanced species (exchange), active competition o Types – density independent vs. density dependent - Long distance migrationo Orientation vs. navigation o Cue utilization – landmarks, sun, stars, light, geometric cues, chemical cues - Territoriality – the most fit controls the territory Lecture 18 – April 2 – Clever Monkeys DVD- Groups of monkeys from different species form units and they all fill different roles – they use different types of calls to communicate with one another- Monkeys have learned to use tools to crack nuts- Some species seek out antiseptic plants to treat themselves against toxins - The males of many species will fight for superiority over the group. Many species express emotions and sometimes mourn when a member of their group Lecture 19 – April 7 – Communication and Language - Communication – when an evolved information bearing signal is sent from one individual to another, and the recipient responds o Sharing information, manipulating others, defense - Origin of species – intentional movements, displacement activities, autonomic responses, urination/defecation, meta-communication - Other signals – giving/soliciting care, channels (vision, auditory, olfactory, tactual) - Language – linguists define language based on human characteristics o Bee communication (dances) by von Frisch o Chimp communication – understanding vs. production Lecture 20 – April 9 – Ape Genius DVD - Chimps use different types of tools o More sophisticated/efficient ways to search for/obtain food - Chimps have emotions o Goodall - Communicative relationships – asking for help, signaling intent, seeking revenge - Spatial understanding, learning numbers – Kanzi - Sophisticated social systems – cooperate, understand symbols, have culture o Able to tells what others might be thinking o Do not teach each other o No evidence that apes share