PSYC 311 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Current Lecture I. Behavior Genetics II. Steps involved in researchIII. Genetics and evolutionary processes Current Lecture I. Behavior Genetics – nature vs. nurturea. Both interact to determine phenotypical appearance and behaviori. Epigenesis – idea that phenotype results from an interaction between genotype and environmental influences 1. Natural vs. artificial selection (ie: by humans)a. DVD: Dogs Decoded, Reading: Trut – The Farm-Fox Experimentb. Human concordance experiment with identical twinsi. Involves a research strategy known as ex-post-factoii. Monozygotic twins raised in different environments1. Compared on some trait/behavior (ie: schizophrenia)iii. Concordance studies are conducted when good marriage and adoption rates are kept1. Concordance for schizophrenia, epilepsy, diabetes is about 45-55%c. Aggression in rats (how to measure i. Two genetic strains, each with social and isolate rats 1. Isolates did not learn how to back down during an attack, so the socials wonii. Role of operational definitions – how aggression is defined from study to study II. Steps involved in research a. Choose a specific behavior and develop a reliable and valid measure i. Hirsch and Boudreau – phototaxis in fruit flies1. Tendency to move toward/away from light2. Ability to study multiple generations (selective breeding)a. 27 generations studiedi. F1 overlap, F27 completely separate1. Active at night and not during the day and vice versaa. Separation by environmental factors These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Calvin Hall – emotionality in rats1. Emotionality = “behavior in an open field”a. Circular arena – light vs. darki. Fearful rats freeze, curious rats scurry ii. Electronic measurements needed to determine how the rats move b. Highly emotional rats urinated/deficated more than less emotional rats 2. Activity and waste are good measures of emotion iii. Tryon – “intelligence” in rats (mazes)1. Bred good runners with good runners and bad with bada. Did not measure for emotionality 2. “maze bright” and “maze dull” rats a. After interbreedingb. Did not account for other tasks3. Human judgment errors b. Manipulate Genetics i. Molecular genetic manipulations and/or comparisons 1. Knock-out technology (reading)ii. Selective breeding 1. By nature (natural selection, multiple criteria)2. By man (artificial selection, restricted criteria)a. Hirsch and Boudreau – may inadvertently create “defects” (inbreeding) 3. Cross breeding – select strains showing different behaviors, mate them, and observe behaviors of offspring 4. Backbreeding – mating subsequent generations with the probands (fruit flies)5. Stamm (1956)a. Black Hooded (high hoarders, HH) vs. Irish (low hoarders, hh)i. Observed % of high hoarders indicates genetic dominance regarding hoarding 1. Cross breed – F1 = Hh (98% hoarders)2. Back breed – Hh, hh (51%, 49%)iii. Strain comparisons – comparisons of various strains created earlier by natural or artificial selection 1. Fuller (1950s) – genetic contributions to tractability (capacity to learn) indog breeds a. What are you trying to train them to do?i. Dogs specially bred for a specific behavior will learn that behavior much more readily b. Cats: Siamese vs. Egyptian Mau 2. Artificial selection – tumbler pigeonsa. Waltzing miceb. Border collies and sheepi. The dogs that are good herders are allowed to bred1. Using basic wolf traits/characteristics III. Genetics and Evolutionary Processa. Genotype vs. phenotype (what you see)i. Relative Gene Fitness – probability that a particular genotype will be present in the offspring of the species1. If that genotype is the basis for a successful phenotype  survive and reproduce ii. Survival is determined by phenotype as it takes on the environment b. Biological evolution – change in relative gene frequency within a population from one generation to the next (RGF)i. Gene frequency associated with a useful trait increases1. MRSA – when you stop taking your prescription, the remaining infected cells can learn to become resistant 2. Toxoplasmosis (cats) – changes their brain and makes them engage in unlikely (risky) behaviors a. Cats are carriers, but cannot be affected by