PSYC 311 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide From Lecture 21 – April 14- Arguments against sex o Cost of meiosis – asexual reproduction?o Cost of recombination – could delete good genes and advance bad ones o Cost of mating (pre and post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms)- Arguments for sex o Sexual populations can evolve faster due to recombination (genetic diversity)  Can result in mutations o Provides resistance to effects of mutations  “ratchet effect” – cumulative deleterious effects of mutations - Why have different sexes?o Differential selection o Sperm and ova contribute equally  Ova contribute more mitochondria o Uneven burden due to the fact that ova are much bigger than sperm  Females have greater parental investment before and after birth - Approaches to reproductiono Epigamic element – differences between males and females in terms of mate selection o Consequences for males; low threshold for sexual reproduction mistakes more costly for females - Alternative mating strategies o Troops, satellite males, mimicry of females, competitionFrom Lecture 22 – April 21- Runaway selection o Exaggeration of a trait (difference loci)o Epigamic selection and female choice - Questions females must ask o Is he my species?o Does her have superb male genetic fitness?o Does he demonstrate investment value?- Evolution of mating systems o Monogamy – one male for each female o Polygamy – more than 1 male/female per male/female Polygyny – more than one female per male- Control of resources important- Lek – courtship display area Polyandry – more than one male per female - Polygynandry – several males share several females - Promiscuity – multiple partners, little time spent with each o Extra pair copulations – both sexes ensure genetically diverse offspring - Evolution of parental behavior o Whatever increases probability of some offspring surviving to reproduce at cost ofparent’s ability to generate additional new offspring (C/B)o Why more maternal than paternal?o C/B of males being parents o Interspecies brood parasitism in birds  Host species has cost of raising another species’ offspring From Lecture 23 – April 23- Evolution of parental favoritism o Nurturance usually provided to offspring with the best probability of surviving to reproduce (first to hatch, or biggest chick)o Siblicide – one sibling attacks the other – some parents interfere, others do nothing Evolution of Social Behavior- Advantages o Predators – dilution, defense, detectiono Foraging efficiency o Care of young o Others – thermoregulation - Disadvantages – competition, increased health problems, energy spent on attending to dominance hierarchy, increased conspecific aggression (infanticide) , increased predator pressure, inappropriate young (inability to recognize your own offspring), increased probability of inbreeding- Cooperative Behavior o Related vs. unrelated vs. cross-species o Mutualism – both cooperate, both benefit o Reciprocal altruism – animals that are helped return the favor later  Sentry behavior, grooming, loafing o Kin selection o Group selection – cooperative species increase chance of survival o Altruism – helpful donor permanently loses reproductive opportunity by placing itself at risk to indirectly increase reproductive fitness of others o Eusocial behavior Haploidiploidy – haploid vs. diploid Play Behavior - Appears in more advanced, social animals o Object play – pushing, throwing, manipulating and inanimate objecto Locomotor play – physical activity that may be practice for behaviors required later in lifeo Social play – play activities with others From Lecture 24 – April 28Personality - Personality – consistent long term behavioral differences among individual animals o Behavioral checklist – critical incidents of personality related behavior are provided o Coping styles – how does the animal/species handle stresso Helper dog personalities Evolution of Human Behavior - Sociobiology – evolutionary aspects of human behavior o Wilson/Darwin – human social behaviors are genetically predetermined - Cultures o Increased brain size (frontal cortical region)o Diversity – allows for adaptation o Cultural innovationso Maladaptive culture traits (can be adaptive)- Evolutionary aspects of sexual preferences o Cultural beliefs of female beauty - Inter-relations o Warfare – all humans seem capable of engaging in group aggression under certaincircumstances Economic basesFrom Lecture 25 – April 30- Evidence on evolution of adaptive human traitso Resulted from need to adapt to drastic changes in the environment (ie: climate) Invasion of savannah, bipedal postures, tool making, dexterity - Infant care and protectiono Gender specific division of labor o Prolonged protection/care of young by both