The student ate the pizzaThe student the pizza ate *Word orderThe word order of a sentence must obey syntactic rulesThese rules vary from language to languagePhrasesPhrase- a group of one or more words that function as a syntactic unitA phrase is organized around a central word called its headSyntactic distributionSyntactic category is defined in terms of syntactic distribution – expression of the same type can occur in the same position in the sentencePhrase structure rulesA phrase structure rule (or PS rule) describes the internal content and structure of a phraseWhat lexical categories can be included in the phrase?How are the items order?English NPsSimplest NP:Dogs, hockey, janet, truthDeterminersThe, a, this, that, these, some, my, herNP with determinerThe book, my friend, some ideasNP with adjectiveProvocative ideas, my best friendNP rulesNP  (D) (Adj)NPrepositional phrases (PPs)PrepositionsIn, on, about, of, for, to , with, at, byP + NP = PPIn the movies, by my house, for posterityNP with PP insideBooks about tulips, people from WausauNP with both Det and PPA vase of flower, his long letter to GaryPS rule for PPs and NPsPp rulePP  P NPNP ruleNP (D)(Adj) N (PP)RecursionThe PP and NP rules introduce the possibility of recursion into our grammarInfinity- recursion allows us to express an infinite number of ideas with limited resourcesHuman specific- the communication systems of non-human species lack recursion (as far as we know)English VPsSimplest VPWorks, fell, slept, singVP with NP or PPKicked the ball, eat fish, slept until noonVP with AdvAlways manages, never sleepsVP with lots of stuffSuddenly hurt her ankle on ThursdayPS rules for VPsVP  (ADv) V (NP)(PP)A basic sentenceSentence= subject and predicateIn a basic sentence the subject is a noun phrase (NP), and the predicate is a verb phrase (VP)S  NP VPLINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 18SyntaxSyntax- is the study of sentence formation How are words put together to form phrases?How are phrases put together to form sentences?What are the constraints on sentence formation?Basic units: words drawn form the lexicon and the morphology Ungrammatical sentences Sentences that are possible (allowable) strings of words are grammatical. Sentences that are not possible strings of words are ungrammatical, and marked with a * o The student ate the pizza o The student the pizza ate *  Word order - The word order of a sentence must obey syntactic rules - These rules vary from language to language  Phrases - Phrase- a group of one or more words that function as a syntactic unit - A phrase is organized around a central word called its head  Syntactic distribution - Syntactic category is defined in terms of syntactic distribution – expression of the same type can occur in the same position in the sentence  Phrase structure rules - A phrase structure rule (or PS rule) describes the internal content and structure of a phrase o What lexical categories can be included in the phrase?o How are the items order? English NPsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Simplest NP: o Dogs, hockey, janet, truth - Determiners o The, a, this, that, these, some, my, her - NP with determiner o The book, my friend, some ideas - NP with adjectiveo Provocative ideas, my best friend - NP rules o NP  (D) (Adj)N  Prepositional phrases (PPs) - Prepositions o In, on, about, of, for, to , with, at, by- P + NP = PP o In the movies, by my house, for posterity - NP with PP insideo Books about tulips, people from Wausau- NP with both Det and PP o A vase of flower, his long letter to Gary - PS rule for PPs and NPs o Pp rule  PP  P NPo NP rule  NP (D)(Adj) N (PP)  Recursion - The PP and NP rules introduce the possibility of recursion into our grammar- Infinity- recursion allows us to express an infinite number of ideas with limited resources - Human specific- the communication systems of non-human species lack recursion (as far as we know)  English VPs - Simplest VP o Works, fell, slept, sing - VP with NP or PP o Kicked the ball, eat fish, slept until noon - VP with Advo Always manages, never sleeps - VP with lots of stufo Suddenly hurt her ankle on Thursday - PS rules for VPs o VP  (ADv) V (NP)(PP)  A basic sentence - Sentence= subject and predicate - In a basic sentence the subject is a noun phrase (NP), and the predicate is a verb phrase (VP)- S  NP