Lecture 12Outline of previous lectureI. HemipteraII. ColeopteraIII. MegalopteraIV. RaphidiopteraV. NeuropteraVI. HymenopteraVII. SiphonapteraVIII. DipteraIX. LepidopteraX. TrichopteraOutline of current lectureI. CharacteristicsII. LifecycleIII. MultiplicationIV. Human lousea. Head louseb. Body lousec. Crab louseV. Veterinary importanceVI. TreatmentCurrent lectureSubordersAmblyceraIschnoceraAnopluraRhyconphthirinaSuborderFeeding methodFoodHostsAmblycera *BitingSkin, secretions, feathers, (blood*)Birds and mammalsIschnocera *BitingSkin, secretions, feathers, (blood*)Birds and mammalsAnoplura **SuckingBloodMammals, including humansRyhnchophthirinaBitingSkin, debris, etc.Warthogs and elephants*Chewing lice (Mallophaga)**Sucking lice-some species have mandibles modified to pierce the skin of their hostsGeneral Louse CharacteristicsSize: 0.4-11 mm as adultsWingless (evolved secondarily)Dorso-ventrally flattenedAll lice lost compound eye (except human louse)Often host specificChewing lice-chewing mouthparts feed on skin, hair, and feathersSucking lice- pirecing-sucking mouthparts feed on bloodLife cyclePaurometabolous development (3 nymphal instars)Eggs (nits) attached (cemented) to hair or feathers10-12 generations per yearlouse multiplicationassumptionsfemales lay 100 eggs50:50 sex ratioeach live 1 monthHuman louseHuman head lousePediculus humanus capitisMost common human louseSpend entire life on headPrimarily in young kidsSchool epidemicsOver the counter treatmentsKill adults then follow up to kill nymphsMechanically remove eggs with combNot involved with disease transmissionHuman body louse (pediculus humanus humanus)Typically associated with poverty or poor hygieneVagabond’s disease-skin thinning and discoloration from chronic body liceNits laid on clothesDisease transmissionEpidemic typhis-rickettsiaConcentration camps during WWIILouse-borne relapsing feverBorrelia spirochetes-east africaTrench feverBartonella WWII trench warfareHuman crab louse (Pthirus pubis)Hairs in pubic regionTransmitted by direct contactUsed in forensic entomologyNot vectors of diseaseVeterinary importanceNot vectors of disease-impact of lice are “direct”Chewing and sucking lice treated differently-ID importantCattle (5 species)Sucking-Haematopinus pp. linognathus sp. Solenopotes sp.Often around neckChewing: bovicola sp (chewing )BackHorses (2 species)Sucking-haematopinus spp.Chewing-bovicola sp.Pigs (1 species)Sucking-haematopinus sp.Cats (1 species)Chewing: felicola sp.Dog (2 species)Sucking-linognathus spp.Chewing-heterodoxus sp.Sheep (3 species)Sucking-linognathus sppChewing-bovicola sp.Chicken (6 species)Chewing: Gonoides sp., Liperus sp., Cuclotogaster sp. and Goniocotes sp. Menacanthus sp., Menopon sp.,Turkey (2 species)Chewing: Chelopistes sp.,Oxylipeurus sp.WildlifeThe majority of louse species occur on wildlife Usually no affect on health unless host isimmunosuppressed, stressed, or unable to groomOccasional pathology/mortality in deer (alopecia, winter mortality)Importance as a reservoir or as vehicle for introduced species?Importance of lice• Sucking lice are typically more damaging • Juvenile mortality • Reduced weight gain • Reduced milk production• Anemia • Abortion • Compromised immune system • Physical injury • Death • Vector-borne diseaseTreating host for echo parasitesTopical treatment – spray, dip, dust Outside body surface Main strategy for treating chewing lice Less desirableSystemic treatment – drugs Treat the bodyPour-on (mid-line of back)Spot-on (poured on a spot) Main strategy for treating sucking liceENTO 208 1st EditionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Lecture 12Outline of previous lecture I. Hemiptera II. ColeopteraIII. MegalopteraIV. RaphidiopteraV. NeuropteraVI. HymenopteraVII. SiphonapteraVIII. DipteraIX. LepidopteraX. Trichoptera Outline of current lectureI. CharacteristicsII. Lifecycle III. MultiplicationIV. Human louse a. Head louse b. Body louse c. Crab louseV. Veterinary importance VI. Treatment Current lecture  Suborders - Amblycera - Ischnocera - Anoplura - Rhyconphthirina  Suborder  Feeding method  Food  Hosts  Amblycera* Biting  Skin, secretions, feathers,(blood*)  Birds and mammals Ischnocera * Biting  Skin, secretions, feathers,(blood*)  Birds and mammals Anoplura ** Sucking  Blood  Mammals, including humans  Ryhnchophthirina  Biting  Skin, debris, etc.  Warthogs and elephants *Chewing lice (Mallophaga)  **Sucking lice  -some species have mandibles modified to pierce the skin of their hosts  General Louse Characteristics - Size: 0.4-11 mm as adults - Wingless (evolved secondarily)- Dorso-ventrally flattened - All lice lost compound eye (except human louse)- Often host specific - Chewing lice-chewing mouthparts feed on skin, hair, and feathers - Sucking lice- pirecing-sucking mouthparts feed on blood  Life cycle - Paurometabolous development (3 nymphal instars)- Eggs (nits) attached (cemented) to hair or feathers - 10-12 generations per year  louse multiplication - assumptions o females lay 100 eggs o 50:50 sex ratio o each live 1 month  Human louse - Human head louse o Pediculus humanus capitis o Most common human louse o Spend entire life on heado Primarily in young kids  School epidemicso Over the counter treatments o Kill adults then follow up to kill nymphs o Mechanically remove eggs with comb o Not involved with disease transmission - Human body louse (pediculus humanus humanus)o Typically associated with poverty or poor hygiene o Vagabond’s disease-skin thinning and discoloration from chronic body lice o Nits laid on clothes o Disease transmission  Epidemic typhis-rickettsia  Concentration camps during WWII Louse-borne relapsing fever  Borrelia spirochetes-east africa  Trench fever  Bartonella WWII trench warfare - Human crab louse (Pthirus pubis) o Hairs in pubic region o Transmitted by direct contact o Used in forensic entomology o Not vectors of disease  Veterinary importance- Not vectors of disease-impact of lice are “direct” - Chewing and sucking lice treated differently-ID important - Cattle (5 species)o Sucking-Haematopinus pp. linognathus sp. Solenopotes sp.  Often around neck o Chewing: bovicola sp (chewing )  Back - Horses (2 species)o Sucking-haematopinus