Lecture 6Outline of previous lectureI. Internal systemsa. Respiratoryb. Circulatoryc. Digestived. Nervouse. Reproductivef. EndocrineOutline of current lectureI. MetamorphosisII. ExoskeletonIII. MoltingIV. TicksCurrent lectureMetamorphosisChange in form, resulting from normal developmentEggsStart out in ovaries (ovarioles)Mature into eggsPass spermathecaFertilizedImmature stage (based on where they are living/where feeding)MoltSheddingExuviaeOld shed exoskeletonSclerotizationHardening of new skinTakes few mins to an hour (depending on size)Mature stageIntake calories and allow for growth of new tissueAccomplished by cell division and cell differentiationInstarWhen not moltingAdults no longer moltsTypes of reproductionOviparous-egg layingR-strategiestHigh numbers of offspring with little parental careShort maturing eggsBreed at young ageVery short lifespanEgg-tendingInsects carry eggs aroundFewer eggsViviparousK-strategistQuality over quantitySingle larvaeMust higher survivor shipVery few offspringOvoviviparousFemale produces eggsKeeps in chamber until they hatchi.e house and flesh flysExoskeletonEpicuticlewaxy, water proofouter laterfull of hydrophobic lipidsProcuticleExocuticlehardhigh levels of proteinEndocuticleflexibleEpidermisliving cellsproduce hormones to determine when to moltpheromonessignals to other insectstoxins to protect itselfMoltingTriggered by hormonesOld endocuticle is separated and a new layer called cuticulin (future exoskeleton) is createdForm overall body blisterFilled with fluidEpidermal cells produce chemicals which digests old endocuticleIntake of air causes insect body to swell and old exoskelton splits open and is shedProcess called ecdysis; shed skin is called exuviumNew exoskeleton hardens (sclerotization)Discontinuous growth curveEcdysis-Process of moltingThree main types of MetamorphosisNo metamorphosisAmetabolousNymphIncomplete metamorphosisHemimetabolous and PaurometaborousPaurometaborous- nymphTerrestrial environment with adults (land)Hemimetabolous-NaiadsIn wateri.e. dragon fliesnot a lot of competition-more surviveComplete metamorphosisHolometabolousLarvaEat different types of food than adultsImaginable discEmbryonic cells that have not differentiated into different formsi.e. moths and butterfliesTick life cycle4 stagesegg, 6 legged larva, lymph, adultneed to blood feedENTO 208 1st EditionLecture 6Outline of previous lectureI. Internal systemsa. Respiratoryb. Circulatoryc. Digestive d. Nervous e. Reproductive f. Endocrine Outline of current lecture I. MetamorphosisII. Exoskeleton III. Molting IV. Ticks Current lecture  Metamorphosis - Change in form, resulting from normal development - Eggs o Start out in ovaries (ovarioles)o Mature into eggs o Pass spermatheca o Fertilized - Immature stage (based on where they are living/where feeding)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Molt  Shedding o Exuviae  Old shed exoskeleton o Sclerotization  Hardening of new skin  Takes few mins to an hour (depending on size) - Mature stage o Intake calories and allow for growth of new tissue Accomplished by cell division and cell differentiation - Instar o When not molting o Adults no longer molts  Types of reproduction - Oviparous-egg layingo R-strategiest High numbers of offspring with little parental care  Short maturing eggs  Breed at young age  Very short lifespan o Egg-tending  Insects carry eggs around  Fewer eggs - Viviparous o K-strategist  Quality over quantity Single larvae  Must higher survivor ship  Very few offspring - Ovoviviparous o Female produces eggs o Keeps in chamber until they hatch  i.e house and flesh flys Exoskeleton - Epicuticle o waxy, water proof o outer later  full of hydrophobic lipids - Procuticle o Exocuticle  hard  high levels of protein o Endocuticle  flexible - Epidermiso living cells o produce hormones to determine when to molt o pheromones  signals to other insectso toxins to protect itself  Molting - Triggered by hormones- Old endocuticle is separated and a new layer called cuticulin (future exoskeleton) is created o Form overall body blister  Filled with fluid - Epidermal cells produce chemicals which digests old endocuticle - Intake of air causes insect body to swell and old exoskelton splits open and is shed o Process called ecdysis; shed skin is called exuvium - New exoskeleton hardens (sclerotization)  Discontinuous growth curve - Ecdysis-Process of molting  Three main types of Metamorphosis- No metamorphosis o Ametabolous Nymph - Incomplete metamorphosis o Hemimetabolous and Paurometaborous  Paurometaborous- nymph Terrestrial environment with adults (land) Hemimetabolous-Naiads  In water  i.e. dragon flies - not a lot of competition-more survive - Complete metamorphosiso Holometabolous  Larva  Eat different types of food than adults  Imaginable disc  Embryonic cells that have not differentiated into different forms  i.e. moths and butterflies  Tick life cycle - 4 stages o egg, 6 legged larva, lymph, adult - need to blood