Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-6Lecture 1Classification (Examples)Country-USAState-TexasCity-BryanStreet-Not on the WebHouse-1313Surname-BrundageFirst Name-AdrienneKingdom-AnamaliaPhylum-ArthropodaClass-InsectaOrder-DipteraFamily- MuscidaeGenus-Musca (fly) *always capitalizedSpecies-Domestica *always lowercase10 CharacteristicsBilateral symmetrySplit evenly in halfSegmented appendagesExoskeleton with chitin-N-acetylglucosamineMechanical protectionSclaratin-gives exoskeleton hardness and protectioni.e. crabsMuscle attachmentIncreased leverage/strength6X as strong as vertebrae tendons (humans)Prevent water lossHigher surface to volume ratioLose more heat and waterExternally segmented bodiesAllows for movementAppendages modified for feedingRaspingChewingPiercing/suckingSpongingSiphoning-Gravity does not affect bugs because high surface area and low volume-air pressure affects its insects-insects cant break surface tensionExcretionMalpighian tubules-filters and by productsTurns into ureaNitrogenous productsCirculatory systemHaemocoel-fluid filled body cavityHemolymph-bloodRespirationOpens with muscle contractionAttaches to trachea (full of liquid)Breaks into tracheolesOxygen diffuse in-CO2 diffuse outVentral nerve cord and dorsal brainVentral nerve cord-connects to brain and tells insect when to eat and stop eatingDorsal-backLateral-sideMedial-down centerVentral-frontAnterior-towards headPosterior-towards buttReproductionSexual-male and femaleParthenogenesis-females lay eggs whole male contributionCreated with fully formed embryoLecture 2ClassificationKingdom-AnamaliaPhylum-ArthropodaBilateral symmetrySegmented appendagesExoskeleton with chitinExternally segmented odiesAppendages modified for feedingExcretionCirculatory systemRespirationVentral nerve cord and dorsal brainReproductionClasses of ArthropodsCrustaceanschilopodsArachnidsInsectsDiplopodsClass: CrustaceaCrustaceansCrabs, lobsters, pillbugs, shrimp, daphnia (water flees), copepods2 body regionsCephalothorax (head and thorax region)Legs, mouth partFull of calciumAbdomenReproductive organsSofter2 pairs of antennae5 or more pairs of legsimportancemostly aquaticfoodintermediate host for many parasitesGuinea worm disease-freshwater(Dracunculus medinensis)Humans, pets, livestock in Africa and AsiaMesopredators in North AmericaGoes in water flees and infests waterGoes to the stomach then to feet, arms, legs, chest of victimsBoilsBurning sensationsWorms come out of bodyAlmost eradicated because its so grossClass: DiplopodaMillipedesfeed on plantsvery long body2 pairs of legs per segment2 body regionsheadbody1 pair antennaemany legs2 pair per body regionimportanceno sting or bitepoisonous secretion not dangerousplant pestintermediate host for parasitesvery round bodyClass: ChilopodaCentipedes2 body regionsheadbody1 pair antennaemany legs1 pair per body regionImportanceModified first pair of lets“fangs” with venom glandsGeneralist predatorsCan be dangerous to animals and humansHouse centipede harmless to peoplePoisonous vs. venomousPoison-any substance that can cause physiological disruptionAt high enough dosageVenom-group of poisons produced in glands ( stinger, pincher etc.) system to get venom into prey-injectedVenom acts on nervous systemBreathing and respiration shuts downClass: ArachnidaSpiders, mites, ticks, scorpionsCharacteristicsChelicera and pedipalpiNo antennae4 pairs of legs (8 legs total)cephalothorax and abdomenOrder: scorpionidaVenom gland at tip of abdomen (for protection)PedipalpiCuticle fluoresces under UV light18 species in TexasMost common-Centruoides vittatusStriped bark scorpionIndoors/climb-infest atticsSmall dogs at riskOrder Aranae (spider)All spiders are venomousTarantulas (west texas)Dislarge hairs under skin-cause irritationMales mass migrateLatrodectus mactansBlack widow-pain/cramps/nausea/killAnti-venom availableMesh web-low to groundLoxosclese reclusaBrown reclusViolent markingHunt at nightClass: InsectaInsectsCharacteristicsThree body regions (as adults)HeadThoraxAbdomenthree pairs of thoracle legspair of antennaegreatest number of species that are parasites of man/animalsLecture 3Basic Body planThree body regions (as adults)Head, thorax, abdomenThree pairs of thoracic legsPair of antennaeHeadSegmentsRigidSclartinProtection of brain and sensory organsSensoryEyesAntenna(e)1 pair-smell things with antennaeIngestion of foodEyesCompound Eye OmmatidiumPhotoperiodism-determine length of dayLarger=more resolutionAllow for pixels in lensGood for predators (grasshoppers) b/c fly around quicklySimple eye0,1,2, or 3differentiate between light and darkInsect mouthpartsMandibulateChewing (primitive)HaustellatePiercing/suckingProbing/sippingSponging/lappingGrasshopper MouthpartsClypeusLabrumMandibleTearing and cuttingGrindingFeeding and defenseMaxillaSlicing lobesMaxillary palps-allow for tasting of foodProtection from poisonsLabial and maxillary palpsHypopharynxBelow throat (tongue)Insect antennaeSetaceous-bristle-like (dragonflies)Filiform-thread-like (ground beetles and cockroaches)Moniliform-bead-like (termite)Serrate-sawtoothed (click beetles)Clavate-gradually clubbed (carrion beetles)Capitate-abruptly clubbed (butterflies)Lamellate-nested plates (scarab beetles)Pectinate-comb-like (fire-colored beetles and male glow-worms)Plumose-brush-like (mosquitos)Geniculate-elbowed (Weevils and ants)Aristate-pouch-like with lateral bristles (house flies)ThoraxCenter of locomotionRigid-lots of sclaritinMade of 3 body segmentsProthorax-firstMesothorax-middleMetathorax-backDorsal tergum (notum)Ventral sternumLateral pleuraGeneral terminology1-pronotum2-mesonotum3-metanotum4-propleuron5-mesopleuron6-metapleuron7-prosternum8-mesosternum9-metasternumall adult insects possess legs on metapleuron and/or metasternumLegsone pair per thoracic segment5 segmentsInsect wingsPrimarily found on mature insectsSome insects secondarily lost wingsVeins used for strength and identificationInsect abdomen9-11 segments but hard to ID last segmentstergum-dorsalsternum-ventralLecture 4Orientation of mouthpartsHypognathous-Pointed downwardsthysanura, cockroaches, mantide, beetlesPrognathous-face anterior to bodyearwigs, beetles, neuroptera, termites, antsOpisthognathous-towards the backhamipteraInsect mouthpartsMandibulateChewing (primitive)HaustellatePiercing/suckingFeed on plants and bloodProbing/sippingFeed on nectarSponging/lappingMouthpart function (chewing)LabrumAnteriorMandiblesCapture foodMaxillary palpsSensory organsLabiumLower