Lecture 5Outline of previous lectureI. OrientationII. FunctionIII. FeaturesIV. AdaptationsOutline of current lectureI. Internal systemsa. Respiratoryb. Circulatoryc. Digestived. Nervouse. Reproductivef. EndocrineCurrent lectureInternal systemsRespiratoryCirculatoryDigestiveNervousReproductiveEndocrineGrasshopper Internal SystemsHaemocel filled with hemolymphBlood-carries oxygen and transports nutrientsCenter for insect immunityRespiratory systemOxygen needed to produce energyFinal electron acceptorProduce ATPGet oxygen from the environment (air and water)By spiracles –surrounded by smooth musclesTrachea-sclaratized with chitinBranches throughout the body and branched into tracheoles (very tiny)Numerous in high oxygen requirementsAllows for high surface areaFilled with fluid-oxygen can diffuse further in liquid than in airSize of insect is determined by how much oxygen is available i.e. ancient grasshoppersTrachea dilations-air sacsLowers specific gravity-able to flyExtra space for growing organsCirculatory systemAllows for muscles to move hemolymphImmune responseMaintained by palms-move hemolymphConducting tube –dorsal heartPump hemolymph though the bodyContraction of muscleperistalsis-waves of smooth muscle contractionanterior, posterior, back into heartChironomids- larvae live in low oxygen environments-in the soil under waterRed blooded insectDigestive systemBreakdown of foodsCarbsExcretes waste productsMouth moves into pharynx (throat) then goes into the esophagus then the crop (first major area), then the proventriculus, then opens into the mid gut (chemical digestion)Proventriculus-Lined with denticals-teeth like organs that allow for crushing of foodPlant matterOther insects with chitinMidgut produces digestive juices that mixes with digested foodVentriculus lined by peritrophic envelopsGastric caecum-finger like projectionsSurface areaHindgut-excretion and absorption of waterMalpighian tubules-remove wasteSend into hind gutRectum to anus and excreted out of bodyFat body-insects store energy-clean our toxic substancesCarbs, fats, proteins (like a liver)Nervous systemDorsal brainDensely packed nerves9 regions in abdominal gangliaReproductive systemFemales-produce and store eggs, provide them with nutrition, receive and store sperm, fertilize sperm, deposit larvaeOvariesOvariolesTurn into mature oocyteOviductSpermathecaSac where females can store spermMalesTestesFolliclesVas deferensSeminal vesicleEjaculatory ductPenisParthenogenesisFemales can produce offspring without matingExact clone-can be immune to chemicalInsects can control genderSome insects will mate once and can fertilize eggs for the rest of her lifeSperm competition-matesMating plugsSome males stay thereSpecialized sperm-block and kill other sperm coming inProduce venomous substanceEndocrine systemStructures that secrete hormonesHomeostasisENTO 208 1st EditionLecture 5Outline of previous lecture I. Orientation II. Function III. FeaturesIV. Adaptations Outline of current lectureI. Internal systemsa. Respiratoryb. Circulatoryc. Digestive d. Nervous e. Reproductive f. Endocrine Current lecture  Internal systems- Respiratory- Circulatory- Digestive - Nervous - Reproductive - Endocrine  Grasshopper Internal Systems - Haemocel filled with hemolymphThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Blood-carries oxygen and transports nutrients o Center for insect immunity  Respiratory system - Oxygen needed to produce energy o Final electron acceptor  Produce ATP - Get oxygen from the environment (air and water)o By spiracles –surrounded by smooth muscles o Trachea-sclaratized with chitin  Branches throughout the body and branched into tracheoles (very tiny) Numerous in high oxygen requirements  Allows for high surface area  Filled with fluid-oxygen can diffuse further in liquid than in air - Size of insect is determined by how much oxygen is available i.e. ancient grasshoppers  Trachea dilations-air sacs  Lowers specific gravity-able to fly  Extra space for growing organs  Circulatory system - Allows for muscles to move hemolymph o Immune response - Maintained by palms-move hemolymph - Conducting tube –dorsal hearto Pump hemolymph though the body o Contraction of muscle o peristalsis-waves of smooth muscle contraction  anterior, posterior, back into heart- Chironomids- larvae live in low oxygen environments-in the soil under water o Red blooded insect Digestive system- Breakdown of foods o Carbso Excretes waste products - Mouth moves into pharynx (throat) then goes into the esophagus then the crop (firstmajor area), then the proventriculus, then opens into the mid gut (chemical digestion)o Proventriculus-Lined with denticals-teeth like organs that allow for crushing of food  Plant matter  Other insects with chitin o Midgut produces digestive juices that mixes with digested food  Ventriculus lined by peritrophic envelops  Gastric caecum-finger like projections - Surface area  Hindgut-excretion and absorption of water  Malpighian tubules-remove waste  Send into hind gut  Rectum to anus and excreted out of body o Fat body-insects store energy-clean our toxic substances  Carbs, fats, proteins (like a liver) Nervous system - Dorsal brain o Densely packed nerves - 9 regions in abdominal ganglia  Reproductive system - Females-produce and store eggs, provide them with nutrition, receive and store sperm, fertilize sperm, deposit larvaeo Ovaries Ovarioles  Turn into mature oocyte o Oviduct o Spermatheca Sac where females can store sperm - Males o Testes  Follicles o Vas deferens o Seminal vesicle o Ejaculatory duct o Penis - Parthenogenesis o Females can produce offspring without mating  Exact clone-can be immune to chemical  Insects can control gender  Some insects will mate once and can fertilize eggs for the rest of her life - Sperm competition-mates o Mating plugs o Some males stay thereo Specialized sperm-block and kill other sperm coming in o Produce venomous substance  Endocrine system - Structures that secrete hormones o Homeostasis Use to kill