Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 10Lecture 7Insect Systematics part 1Collembola (“springtails”)-means wedgeless than 6mm longhigh surface to volume ratio-worried about desiccationmust be in moist soilabundant when cool outno metamorphisis-Nymphsfurculumallows them to jump 50-100 times bodyoff 4th ventral segment of abdomen-sternumretinaculumelastic band that holds furculum in placecollophorefirst abdominal segmentosmoregulation-water intakesticky substance/turn overspermatophonepackage of spermprimitive-drop and pray methodgrasping methodlove gardenrain of fire-sleeping place sperm around hermating danceDiplura (“diplurans”)-two tailedLess than 5 mm longLive in soil (moist environment)Wood/grassMetabolous metamorphosisNo eyesBead like antennaeSpermatifors only valid for 2 daysSimple bodiesCerci-2 abdominal –can be broken off and regrowLong vs. short pincher and sclariterizedLong-sensory impute-plant feedersShort-predatorsProtura (“proturans”)-most primitiveFirst tail3 major body partsno eyes, wings, antennaelive in soil-feed on decomposing mattergas exchange through cuticleNo antennaeEnlarged forelegsThysanura (“silver fish” “firebrats”)Thysan-frungedUra-tailMandibulate mouthpartsThree caudal appendagesLong segmented antennaeCompound eyes-smallAntennae for sensoryHousehold pestsFeed on starch, paper, cardboardsSilver fish-mimic antsEphemetoptera (mayflies)No mouthparts in adult stage-die early-mate and lay eggsSworms-can last a week-cam see from spaceNiads-live for several years-feed and store calories12-24water pollutionFavorite food of fishCant fight back-no jawsAquatic larvae2-3 caudal filametnswings erect over the back, flexibleOdonata (“dragonflies” “damselflies” )Aquatic larvaeLarge mandables4 wings-hind wings are widerlarge compound eyes that meet dorsalywings are horizontal at rest’eat any flying insects-mosquitosDamselfies-4 wings narrow at baseRest-wings held verticalyWide dorsal compound eyesHemmimetabolous-niadsSit and wait for preyNiadsHuge labium-attack other organismsAnal breathingLecture 8I. Insect systematics part 2a. Plecopterab. Embiidinac. Zorapterad. Dermapterae. Grylloblattodeaf. Mantophasmatodeag. Orthopterah. Phasmatodeai. MantodeaOutline of current lectureII. Insect systematics part 3a. Blattodeab. Isopterac. Psycopterad. Phthirapterae. ThysanopteraLecture 9Blattodea (“cockroaches”)ScavengersPronaotal shieldEnlarged-covers most of head and anterior thoracic regionOotheca- sclerotized egg casingLeave in different areasNear skinks, household appliancesHouse can easily be infested by these oothecaKnown as water bugsCome in all shapes and sizesTropic and subtropics climate-warmLike living underthingsAdapted for runningDorsal flattenedParametabolismNymphs4,000 species12 considered pestsTexasAmerican cockroaches-pests (kitchen and indoors)Very fast runnersOriental (campuses-glossy black)Slow roaches-not well developed wingsStairwellsGerman cockroachesReproduce quicklyFlyBrown bandedWell developed wingsNot known vectorsCan cause asthmaexubia- shedding of exoskeletonMale-lumbs on pronaotal shieldIsoptera “termites”Iso-equalTera-wings (equal in length)Chewing mouth partsFeed on wood (cellulose)Social: caste systemLarge individuals living togetherEach has their own jobWorker-pale-tend gardens and food (do the work)Soldiers-Muscular head-protect colonyWilling to die for colonyDo not reproducePrimary reproductive-fly off and will produce new colonySecondary reproductive- female will stay in the colony-queenFull of eggsCan lay 60-80 eggs a daySymbiontsNot born with-must get from other members of colonistsAnal feedingPsycoptera (“wood lice”)Expanded clypeusAttach to upper lip (labrum)Give big headed lookWell developed wingsMoist environmentsUnder stones, bark, wookExploit open nichesPhthiraptera (“lice”)Phth-louseAptera-no wingDifferent from your bookEctoparasitesLives on the outside of another thingGets nutrition from another organism-fur, feather, blood (predators consume other organism)Anoplura “sucking lice”Feed on blood or other fluidsMallophaga “chewing lice”Larger headsBig mandiblesFeed on fur, skin, feathersNitLayer eggs on hostsGlued on single fair or featherHighly sclerotized**worry about after natural disastersspread easilydirty conditionsMost common-head liceSingle louse can jump from one kid to anotherEasy to get rid ofThysanoptera (“thrips”)PhytophagousSpread plant diseaseUnder 3 mm longPaddle on wings-swim through the airChewing mouthpartsLecture 10Hemiptera “true bugs”Hemi-halfTera-wingsSclerotized into protective coveringPhytophagousPlant feedingCan spread diseaseFeed on xylem and phylumXylem-carries waterPhloem-carries sugarGet rid of waste in honeydoFungal infectionsPredatoryKissing bugs-piercing and sucking mouthpartsWill feed on blood of mammalsLeave behind bites that look like hickeysVectors of diseasesColeoptera (“beetles” “weevils”)Coleo-sheetTera-wingsMost species rich group on the planetLargest orderVery diverse300,000 species of beetles40% of all known insect speciesElytra-allow protective covering of wings.25 mm length smallest beetlesplant feedersPredatorsDecomposersLarva-homometabolous metamorphosis2 beetle families that produce lightfire fliesflash light trying to find matesglow wormsCalifornia and AustraliaLive in cavesMegaloptera (“dobsonflies”)Aquatic larvaeClear cool waterLay eggs in single massAdults live around the waterLarvae like to feed on aquatic insectsAdhesive organs-to lay of vertical and wait for preyAphids (soft body plant feeders)Large mandibles2 years to go to adult stageRaphidioptera (“snakeflies”)Feed on woodClear wingsLong extended pro-thorax regionFemales have long ovipositorsAllows them to lay eggs in deep cracksNeuroptera (“lacewings”)Optera-wingsNeuro-veinsPreditorsNocturnalLarvae-predatorsSickle shaped mouthparts-mandibles and maxillae very largeFeed on plant feeding insectsWear dead bodies on their back as camouflageNo anal openingBuild up waste products in abdomen and get rid of it in the adult stageAdults-predators4 wingsbrown colorflutter around lightlay eggs of silk stocksAdults that don’t feed-mayflies and stonefliesHymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps)Phytophagous, parasiticparasitoids1 portion are parasitic (wasps)ley eggs on caterpillar-larvae eat it aliveCephalothorax of tarantulas-wasps try to sting brain stem so it becomes paralyzedlarvae of wasps eat paralyzed tarantulassocialnarrow junction between abdomen and thorax1