NSCI 110 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I The auditory system also exhibits tonotopic organization II Information from the ears travels both to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the cortex III The Wernicke Geschwind model examines normal versus deficient language processing Outline of Current Lecture I Music and language related tasks can be detected through PET scans a Activate different regions surrounding Heschi s gyrus II There are various components that constitute expression of language a Phoneme morpheme b Semantics syntax lexicon c Context discourse III Different varieties of aphasia lead to deficits in speech and comprehension of language IV Information involving the somatosensory cortex involves a specific serial order a The amount you attend to a motor task depends on familiarity and complexity Current Lecture Cortical activation PET scan o Music related tasks Listening to bursts of noise activates a small area below Heschi s gyrus Listening to melodies activates an area slightly anterior to the gyrus A2 Comparing pitches activates an area just above the gyrus in the frontal lobe o Language related tasks Listening to bursts of noise activates an area below Heschi s gyrus again Listening to words activates Wernicke s area Discriminating speech sounds activates Broca s area Basic components of linguistics expression o Phoneme basic units of speech phonetic phonetic flags allow distinguishing of one word from another English 40 Hawaiian 11 o Morpheme smallest meaningful unit of language o Semantics meaning of words phrases o Syntax grammar sentence structure o Lexicon words available These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Prosody characteristic melody and rhythms of speech Stress prominence based on relationships amongst syllables Rhythm patterns of stress in time Intonation voice pitch o Context o Discourse conversation at level of social interaction Language symptomology in aphasia o Expressive Broca s o Sensory receptive Wernicke s global conduction subcortical Paraphasia production of unintended words syllables or phrases Neologism made up word MOTOR AND SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS How does our nervous system produce movement Review central sulcus divides motor and somatosensory cortexes o The fourth layer is larger in the sensory cortex The fifth and sixth layers are larger in the motor cortex o Dermatome the dorsal root ganglia input that is sensory information traveling to the spinal cord derm skin Myotome the ventral root ganglia output that travels to muscles Major components hierarchy of movement control o Cerebrum forebrain conscious movements o Brainstem automatic o Spinal cord automatic o Basal ganglia helps produce the appropriate amount of force Grabbing objects Caudate nucleus surrounds lateral ventricles Putamen and globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus next to the third ventricle Substantia nigra directly under contains dopaminergic neurons o Cerebellum regulates the timing and accuracy of movement Balance and dexterity of movement Structure reflects specific abilities of a species Integration of sensory and motor processes o Visual information required to locate an object o Frontal lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movement o Spinal cord carries information to the hand o Sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying that the cup has been grasped o Spinal cord carries sensory information to the brain o Basal ganglia judge grasp force and cerebellum corrects movement errors o Sensory cortex receives message that the cup has been grasped Follows a serial order o Act feedback act feedback act feedback o Karl Lashley claimed that the pace at which we process this information is too rapid to have this much in between feedback Movements are performed as motor sequences with one held in readiness while an ongoing sequence is being completed Feedback is still critical however As one sequence is executed the next is being prepared so it can follow the first smoothly o Amount you attend to a motor task depends on if you are familiar with it or how complex it is
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