LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide This guide is to help you focus your studying As usual anything we covered in class could be on the exam The exam covers material from the Phonologysection only There will be no direct questions about Phonetics but of course you have to know your Phonetics well in order to do Phonology The exam mayinclude problem solving short answer fill in the blank and matching type questions Concepts ideas for short answer questions Allophone vs phoneme surface form vs underlying form o Allophone a contextually determined variant pronunciation of a phoneme The actual surface realization of a phoneme o Phoneme the basic underlying form of a segment in a speakers mental dictionary Used to signal meaning contrasts o Underlying form the abstract form that a word of morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it Contrastive distribution vs complementary distribution o Contrastive distribution two segments in contrastive distribution in a particular language if there exists a minimal pair involving those segments in the language o Complementary distribution two segments are in complementary distribution in a particular language if they appear in opposite non overlapping environments The significance of natural classes in phonology o A class of sounds that shares a phonetic feature or features o Phonological rules operate over natural classes Similarities and differences between sign language and spoken language phonology o Differences Modality Spoken languages auditory vocal Signed languages visual gestural Structure of words Spoken languages sequence of sounds each sound has parameters Sign languages simultaneous articulation of parameters o Similarities Words decomposable into smaller non meaningful elements sign parameters Contrastive elements minimal pairs Phonological rules Natural classes of signs ex open closed hand position bent flat hand position Variety of evidence for the internal structure of syllables the existence of components such as onset coda nucleus and rhyme o A syllable is made up of 3 parts Onset low sonority consonants before peak Nucleus sonority peak must be a vowel or syllabic nasal or liquid Coda low sonority consonants following peak o Evidence speech errors language games phological rules and photactic constraints Phonotactic constraints what are they Be able to give some examples o Constraints on permissible sequences or placement of segments in a syllable Critical Period for language acquisition What is this period in humans what age What is the evidence for the existence of a critical period o Johnson and Newport 1989 studied the English fluency of immigrants to the U S found that fluency declined with age of immigration beginning at age 7 Berko Gleason s wug experiments and what they tell us about children s acquisition of phonology o Young children possess implicit knowledge of linguistic morphology they were able to use the made up word and make it plural never have hearing the word before and they have inferred the basic rule for forming plurals The high amplitude sucking experiments regarding the perception of sound contrasts in infants and what they tell us about the acquisition of phonology o Babies age 6 12 months suck on pacifier attached to sound system o Rate of sucking increased if the infant can perceive contrasts o Rate of sucking stayed the same if the infant cannot perceive contrast o 6 months babies can perceive phonetic distinctions that correspond to phonemes in all languages 12 months they can only perceive phonetic distinctions for phonemes of their native language Be able to Solve a phonology problem based on data from an unfamiliar language including o Determine whether sounds are separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme If there are minimal pairs they are 2 separate phonemes if there is no minimal pair they are allophones of the same sound o Fill in a complementary distribution chart o Write a phonological rule using rule notation and phonetic features natural classes o Fill in a phonological derivation chart Identify phonological generalizations about early child speech rules describing how child speech differs from adult speech Syllabify words using the Maximize Onset Principle and identify whether sounds appear in the Onset Nucleus Rhyme or Coda of a syllable