BIO 141 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture II. BiofuelsIII. Rudolf DieselIV. Plant sourcesV. Advantages/Disadvantages Outline of Current Lecture VI. History of Plants in MedicineVII. Discovery of Plant MedicineVIII. Greeks and RomanIX. AztecX. Age of HerbalsXI. Prescription DrugsCurrent LectureHistory of Plants in Medicine- Use before recorded history- Early medicine around the globe- Age of Herbals- Modern Prescription drugs- Herbal medicine todayPrehistoric Cultures- Homo neanderthalensis: lived 230,000-29,000 years ago in Asia and Western Europe- European Ice Man: 45 years old. Lived around 3300 BC-3255 BC. Late stoneage early bronze age. - Ö tzi (man’s name) used fungus, one for starting fires, one as antibacterial- Fungus is where we got antibacterial technology for antibioticsDiscovery of Plant Medicine- Observations of Sick Animals- Bitterness- We take behaviors from other animals and use them ourselvesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- There are a lot of animals that use plants to treat their illnesses, such as an upset stomachAncient Egypt and Samaria: 3000 BC- Laurel, Caraway, Thyme, Opium, Garlic, Mint, Coriander- Many common herbs and spices were used medicinally Ayurveda 600 BC- Another area is disciplinary medicine such as yoga- Believe in the chakras and the areas of the body that have powers of wellness- A way to stay healthy- You are what you eat kind of stand point- Ayurvedic Doshas: based on the diets of what you’re supposed to eat and feelGreeks and Romans- Hippocrates: believed that disease had natural causes and used various herbal remedies in his treatments- Dioscrodes: standard medical reference for 1500 years- Pliny the Elder: worked in botany. They believed that the human world was more important than the animal and plant world. Plants and animals were looked down upon along with the study of botany. They would get sick a lot. Aztec Medicine- “We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction.”- Burned the Mayan library in 1652Badianus Manuscript- Written by 2 Native men in 1552o Traditional medicines of the Aztec- Said if you don’t sterilize wounds, it’s going to get infected- First university in the world was in Mexico who would right down the medicine of the Aztec into Latin- Lonely record of Aztec medicine besides word of mouthAge of Herbals- Revival of Identification of medicinal plantso Along with printing press brought on the age of herbals in the 1700s- Richly illustrated, focused on medicinal useso Full of misinformation and superstition- Before hospitals they would go to Witch Doctors, which is why witches were burned at the stake- This is where a lot of plant knowledge disappeared because they all got killed or didn’t want people to know- After the printing press more books of plant knowledge were producedDoctrine of Signatures- The belief that God has marked everything he created with a sign for its use- Hepatica, Ginseng, Mandrake (Harry Potter reference that is true)- Knowledge used to be punished, now is seen as a good thingModern Prescription Drugs- Herbalists paved the way, with effective plant treatments- 19th century scientist began isolating compoundso Morphine, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)- Estimated 25% of prescriptions are botanical in origin, up to 50% if fungi are included- We are extracting these chemicals from the plants and bringing them to the lab- Significant volumes of our medicine are straight from the sourceMedicine and Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples- Widespread destruction of entire ecosystems = less of medicinal plants and knowledge- Ethnobotany to the rescue. They spend time with Indigenous people to get to know the plants the use and what for. - The Spanish came and spread small pox, killed them, moved them, and were just terrible. They even took out their ecosystems that they have been living with for 15,000 years. Wisconsin was entirely logged.Herbal Medicines- Herbal medicines: infusions, decoctions, tinctures- Infusions: let it sit in water and soak in a dark room- Decoctions: Like making a tea, put in hot water and let it sit- Tinctures: let it sick in alcoholWhy do plant produces these chemicals?- Chemicals for survival – the evolutionary strategyo Protection from herbivory and predationo Allelopathy: warfare with other plants- Chemicals by accident – the random strategyo No excretory system so compounds accumulate randomly (secondary