DOC PREVIEW
UW Stout BIO 141 - Drugs & Alcohol
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BIO 141 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture II. Indigenous peopleIII. Herbal MedicinesIV. Plant PoisonsV. DiseasesOutline of Current Lecture VI. Psychoactive DrugsVII. DamageVIII. RiskIX. AlcoholCurrent LectureRegulation of Modern Herbal Supplements- In the USA they are regulated as food- Creates a problem with overdoses and misuse Plants, Poisons, People, & Psychoactive Drugs- Cats & Catnipo Volatile oil, nepetalactone binds with the nasal neuronso This triggers a reaction in the olfactory bulb, which than stimulated the amygdala& hypothaluso The amygdala mediate emotionso The hypothlus is the brain’s master gland that regulates everything from hunger to emotionsEvolutionary Perspective- Plants benefit from producing secondary compounds hat are toxic to potential herbivores- Neurotoxins: affect functioning of nerve and brain cells- Cytotoxins: kills cells selectively- Organotoxins: toxic to organs- Toxin: any chemical that does harm to the bodyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Toxicants: human produced toxins- Biotoxic: toxic substance produced be a living organismo Phytotoxin: substances in soils that are inhibitory to the growth of or poisonous to plantso Mycotoxin: produced by animals in the fungi kingdomDamage- Level of damage depends on:o Type of toxino How long we are exposedo How frequently we are exposedo How much we are exposed to o The rout of exposure (skin, breathing, eating, puncture)Toxicity and Dose- Toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause a harmful effect- Dose is the amount of something you are exposed to Quantifying Toxicity- LD50: single dose (mg/kg of body weight) that kills 50% of a population within 2 weeksRisk- Likelihood of harm is related to toxicity and doseo Low risko Moderate risko High riskNitrogen (N2)- LD50: not ranked. It is non-toxic. - Makes up 70% of the air- Primary (industrial) health hazard is asphyxiation by replacing O2Psychoactive Drugs- Stimulants: excite and enhanced alertness and activityo Caffeine, cocaine- Hallucinogens: alter perceptions, though, mood, and may induce dream like stateso LSD- Depressants: dull awareness, reduce performance, and may induce sleep or trancelike stateso OpiumFermentation: Ethanol (Alcohol)- Aerobic respiration (Glycolysis)- Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation)- Anaerobic respiration (Lactic Acid)- Has short-term & chronic effectsYeast- 39 genera: 350 spp.- Mostly unicellular- Reproduced by buds- A single sp. Used byo Brewerso Vintners (Wine Maker)o Bakers- Saccharomyces cerevisaeGrapes- Wild grapes are indigenous to North America- Now widely cultivated - Tons of seedsOrigins of Viticulture (Wine Making)- Requires no human intervention (unlike brewing)- Wild yeasts are found on wild fruits- Apes seek out fermented fruits- Grape juice can ferment in one dayo Nomadic people could make wineo Earliest evidence of wine making is in Armenia and Georgia- Old Testament: Noah planted the first vineyard on Mount Ararat- Central component in American cultureModerate Amounts- Lowers risk of coronary heart disease- Other health benefitting affectsProhibition- Christian temperance union helped start the movement- In 1919 Congress passed, over President Woodrow Wilson’s veto, the Volstead Act, and in 1920 the 18th Amendment to the Constitution went into affect - Negative side effects from prohibition are violence, bootlegging, speakeasies (Al Capone), prostitution, had crazy increase in other crimes- In 1932 Roosevelt fixed the


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