BIO 141 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture II. Al CaponeIII. Hops IV. THCV. HempVI. TimelineVII. CannabisVIII. CaffeineOutline of Current Lecture IX. Caffeine, Coffee, Tea, ChocolateX. DepressantsXI. OpiumXII. HeroinXIII. CocaineCurrent LectureCaffeine LD50 = 192 mg/kg- Typical 8 oz coffee (small): 100-200 mg- Typical 8 oz black tea: 40-120 mg- Mountain Dew (12 oz): 71 mg- Jolt Cola (12 oz): 71 mg- Spike Shooter (8.4 oz): 300 mg- Red Bull (8.3 oz): 80 mg- Hershey’s Kiss: ~1 mg- NoDoz (tablet): 200 mgCaffeine- Found in several kinds of plants- Insects eating these plants are paralyzed or dieCoffee: the Social Stimulant- Caffea spp. There are over 80 spp.o All native to forests of Africa and nearby islandsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Caffea Arabica: from Ethiopia 75% of world’s coffee production and considered the best Mountain grown: 3,000-6,500 feet About 1% caffeineo Coffee harvest in Ethiopiao Robusta (=C. canephora)(from Congo): About 25% of production. Higher yields, easier to grow Lower elevation About 2% caffeineo Liberica (from Liberia, west Africa)The Steps- After harvest, fruits are sun dried- The bean is separated from the pod- Roasted to perfection- Ground finely- Boiled and servedTea (Camellia sinensis)- Major tea production areas- Like coffee, much is hands harvested- Mechanical harvesting is increasingo The village pickers don’t like thato The tea actually tastes a lot different if it was hand pickedTea processing varies in oxidation- White tea: leaves picked youngo Wilted and then fired or steamedo Low in caffeineo High in anti-oxidants- Green teao Wilted then steamed or pan driedo Low in caffeineo High in anti-oxidants- Oolong tea: slightly bruisedo Steamed and dried- Black tea: leaves are fully oxidizedo Higher in caffeineo Lower in anti-oxidantsChocolate (Theobroma cacao)- A tropical understory tree- Native to tropical America, probably from the Amazon River Basin- Pollinated by a kind of midge- Leaves are poisonous- There are several other species of Theobroma, native to South and Central America- Grown mostly in tropical Africa, Indonesia, and Brazil- Ivory Coast is the #q producer and Ghana is #2, together producing about 60 of the world’s cocoaFrom Forest to Chocolate- Hand harvested- Seeds are removed and fermented 5-8 days- Fermented seeds are dried, bagged, and shipped- Beads are roasted, the outer shell removed. The inner part is broken into small cocoa nibs- Cocoa nibs are ground into cocoa liquor- Other ingredients, such as sugar and milk, are added and blended- Molded and cooledCocoa and Slavery - Reports continue, especially from Ivory Coast, of forced labor, especially boys, used to harvest cocoa fruitChocolate Politics- Tariff Act of 1930 bars entry of products make in whole or part by forced labor, but neverapplied to chocolate- In 2001, US Congress voted to consider a labeling system for chocolate- US Chocolate Manufacturers Association lobbied that “slave free” labeling would hurt west Africans- Manufactures also said they could not say that none of their cacao was not picked by slaves, since they receive cacao from many different sources- They also said they had no control over slavery- Later in 2001 US chocolate makers agreed to abide by the Harkin-Engel-Kohl Protocol- Goal of eliminating child slaves harvesting cocoa by 2005- Prime minister of the Ivory Coast, Pascal Affi N’Guenssan told the BBC: growers economics of forced laborFair Trade Chocolate- Fair Trade Certified producer- Groups are now in nine countries (Ghana, Cameroon, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Belize, and Peru)- Manufactures who buy Fair Trade cocoa sign contracts committing to pay farmers the Fair Trade price, which is set higher than the free-market price- So far, this has benefitted a tiny percentage of growers and none in west AfricaCaffeine Summary- Caffeine is the world’s most popular drugs- Toxic, but not in normal doses- Several sources of caffeineo Coffee, tea, chocolate, kola nuts, and there are more- Across cultures, associated with hospitality and social gatheringsDepressants- Narcotic: strictly, a central nervous system depressanto Common use: any psychoactive chemical thought to be dangerously addictive- Psychological dependence: the body needs the drug to avoid unpleasant withdrawl symptoms- Tolerance: the need for ever greater doses to achieve the same effectDopamine’s Mesolymbic Pathway- All addictive drugs affect this pathway- Cocaine keeps dopamine in the NA- Opiates increase dopamine production- Addictive drugs mess with dopamineOpium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum)- Source of poppy seeds for your bagels- Also opium, heroin, morphine, codeineo Opium usually smokedo Heroin smoked or injectedo Codeine orally or injected- In the 1800s, Landanum – opium in alcohol was popular in Europe- LD50o Heroin: 22 mg/kg (mice), 7 mg/kg (monkeys)o Morphine hydrochloride: 226 – 318 mg/kg (mice)o Codeine : 300 mg/kg (mice)o Source: HeroinHelper.com- However, toxicity varies considerable within species and among speciesOpium and Opiates- At least 20 Alkaloidso Morphine – named after Morpheus, Greek god of dreamso Still used medicinally to control paino Depresses the area of brain involved in perceiving pain by mimicking endorphinso Addiction was not uncommon around 1900o Death by overdose is caused by suppressing respiratory center of braino Codeine – much less powerful than morphineo Reduces pain and coughingHeroin- Introduced by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer in 1898- Widely used as a ‘non-addictive’ pain killer and cough suppressant until 1917- Actually much more addicting than morphine- Today heroin is a huge, illegal, global business- Most comes from Mexico, Columbia, the Golden Crescent (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran), and the Golden Triangle (Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand)Synergistic Effects- Warning label on codeine analgesic says, “Do not drink alcohol while using this drug.”- Why?- Synergisms are when the effect is greater than the sum of the parts.- Impact of Codeine & Alcohol >> Impact of Codeine + Impact of AlcoholCoca Plant (Erythroxylum coca)- A small tree native to the Andes Mountains- Used (cultivated?) for at 3,500 years- According to the Inca, the Creator gave the people coca- Sacred and its casual use a sacrilege- Chewing