BIOB 375 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Regulatory GenesA. In BacteriaII. Negative and Positive ControlsOutline of Current Lecture III. Review Current Lecture* Exam will be multiple choiceA genotype contains the information of:- Number of locus/loci – one locus or two loci or more- Number of allele per locus – two alleles per locus or more or less- Composition of the alleles per locus – dominant or recessive- Status of each locus – homozygous or heterozygous For example: Aa- One letter used to present the A locus- One locus- Two alleles at this locus- A – dominant allele- a – recessive allele- A heterozygous locusIf the genotype is AAA or Aaa, represents three alleles at the A locus, this individual is not a diploid For example:Melanocortin-1 receptor (MCR1)- MCR1MCR1- One locusAaMCR1MCR1 2 loci- One letter is for the A locus and three letters and a number are for the otherGenotypes of Abab is different from AabbAbab- 1 locus- an abbreviation Ab is used to present the locus- 2 alleles- Ab is dominant- ab is recessiveAabb- 2 loci: the A locus and B locus- one letter per locus- 2 allelesIf genotypes and phenotypes of individuals are given below, can you answer the questions below?Individual 1 – Warty, dull fruit – TstsDDIndividual 2 – Smooth, glossy fruit – tstsddIndividual 3 – Wart, glossy fruit – TsTsdd1. What are the phenotypes?2. How many gene locus or loci are represented by the given genotypes?3. Which phenotypes are dominant?4. Which individuals are homozygous at both gene loci?Understanding DNA, RNA, and proteinPosition 1 - BasePosition 2 – H DNA, OH RNAPosition 3 – Connects to phosphate groupWill need to recognize:- Find sugar, 5 carbon- Figure out positions- Determine is DNA or RNA- Find position 3, which is in the direction of the 3’ endDNA sequence:- Unless states clearly, DNA sequence is always double stranded, but only one strand is written out in 5’ to 3’ direction- Same with RNAWhat is GC-content?- GC-content is the percentage of bases on DNA molecule that are either G or CGC content = (G + C)/(A + T +C + G) x 100What is Tm?- Tm is melting temp when 50% of DNA molecules are single stranded- Higher GC content = more H bonds between the two strands and higher TmWhere can a gene be transcribed? - Bacterial promoter – only transcribe in bacteria- Eukaryotic promoter – only transcribe in eukaryotic cellsWhere is the +1?- Find the promoter consensus and count to -1 to find +1 (no 0)- Each promoter contains 2 consensus sequences and a space between - RNA polymerase recognizes the consensus from 5’ to 3’ direction Template strand doesn’t have the promoter (TATA box)What si the mRNA sequence?- The mRNA sequence will be the same as the promoter strand form +1 to the terminator sequence except change the T to UIf the gene is an eukaryotic gene, add G at 5’ end as a cap, polyAAA at 3’ end, and find introm consensus, remove the intronsIf gene is bacterial, DO NOT remove the sequence within the splicing consensus sequenceTo translate the mRNA to amino acid, check the mRNA sequence from 5’ to 3’ nucleotide to find the first
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