SOC 302 1st EditionLecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. SurveysII. Levels of measurementIII. Reliability IV. Social desirability biasV. SamplingVI. Research ProcessOutline of Current Lecture I. ConformityII. Different types of socializationIII. Cognitive structuresa. Different ways of thinkingb. Cognitive restructuringIV. To be humanV. Looking-Glass selfCurrent LectureSocialization is the process of learning norms, values, and behavior patterns transmitted by social groups. It is about learning culture, transmitted through or across generations. It is about the reproduction of culture in all directions. It allows for social reproduction, the process by which societies have continuity.Conformity is a process by which people’s beliefs or behaviors are influenced by others within a group. When people are free to do as they please, they usually imitate one another. It can have both good and bad effects on people throughout their entire lives. There are different types of socialization. Developmental socialization is learning behavior in a social institution. Anticipatory socialization is rehearsing for future positions and relationships. Resocialization is learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match a new situation in life. For example, enlisting in the military would allow one to experience resocialization. An important part of social structures is cognitive structures, which are conceptual dimensions in the mind upon which we scale our experiences. They allow us to compare one These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.experience with another. Cognitive structures render events or occurrences meaningful, organize experience, and guide action. There are different ways thinking across time and place. For example, there are huge differences between Eastern and Western culture. Eastern (mostly Asian culture) includes oral tradition, action, experience, and story, the past and the future, ascribed status and kin, and “the group.” Western culture, on the other hand, includes written tradition, reason and argument, the present, achieved status, and “the individual.” Cognitive restructuring is when we are presented with a problem that requires reorganizing principles at a higher level of conceptual complexity than we’ve developed, it will appear to be insoluble. Thus, a new organization of cognitive structures is needed. This doesn’t mean when the power goes out and a few new arrangements must be made to give a lecture. Rather, cognitive restructuring occurs when a new major event happens that forces people to have to rethink their views. For example, a new organization of cognitive structures was needed when not one, but two planes crashed into buildings in Manhattan on September 11th, 2001. This leads to the question of what it means to be human. Personhood requires sustainedsocial interaction, or being in relationships. It does not happen naturally. We gain human capacities, such as language and emotion, by being a part of human society. Otherwise, our personhood is stunted. People who are isolated prove to be underdeveloped and emaciated. Charles Cooley’s idea of the Looking-Glass Self is that we need something outside ourselves to tell us who we are. We don’t get to define what is significant about us. It’s a social process. It develops largely from interaction with others. We imagine how we appear to those around us, we interpret others’ reactions, we develop a self-concept, and we live in consonance with the self-concept. For example, when we get dressed, we ask people around us how we look. Then, most of the time when we are around others, their reactions are neutral, or sometimes sanctions. If everyone around you thinks you are fat, you develop a self-concept thatyou are fat. You then withdraw from interaction with those people who think you are fat. You can resist this to some extent, but you cannot completely say you are skinny and that you made it so. It comes from outside. Another sociologist, George Mead, says that the internalization of the perspective of others forms only one part of our personality. We also have an ability to reflect upon and react to those expectations; to attempt to defy them or to accept them. We have “second-order