SOC 302 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Exam Logisticso Mainly over lecture notes and every reading so faro Minimal info from quizzeso Vocabulary (multiple choice/true false)o Some short answersWhat is sociology?o Microsociology – Small groups. Looking at a specific area which is not necessarily representative of the larger populationo Macrosociology – Looking at the larger population, or international studieso Lines of questioning – factual, conceptual, developmental, theoreticalCultureo Norms-behaviors taken for granted that we do every dayo Sanctions – responses to breaking or adhering to normso Implicit sanction – giving someone a looko Explicit sanction – o Material culture – tangible objects, such as cell phones, music, and language, which represent a cultureo Non-material culture – ideas, religion, etc, which represent a culture but are not tangibleo Subculture – smaller cultures within a large culture that are not against the main cultureo Counterculture – a type of subculture that is against the dominant cultureSocial Structureso Ethnocentrism – observing a culture from outside of the cultureo Cultural relativism – observing a culture from within the cultureo Ethnomethodology – Studying a group from withino Breeching experiment – consciously breaking social norms in order to show that they existo Social Structuralo social relationshipso patterned system of partso temporal durabilityo Emergence –A combination of factors, rather than one factor alone, produce a new cultural practiceo Missing sociological influenceo Commonsense explanations that simply replace collectives with a representative agent rather than understanding the social influenceSociological Research methodso Levels of measurement (N.O.I.R.)o Nominal – naming things, such as gender, religion, which cannot be ranked against each othero Ordinal – able to be rankedo Interval – rankedo Ratio – Based on a true zero pointo Qualitative – forms of measurementso Interviews – one on oneo focus groups – interviews with multiple people that promote discussion that the interviewer could not actually provideo ethnographieso Usually used for microsociological studieso Quantitative – measuring data numerically, surveys, statistical analysiso Usually used for macrosociological studieso Empirical – based on observations made by the senseso Confidential – The researcher signs an agreement to maintain the privacy of the subject giving informationo Anonymity – Even the researcher does not know the patient’s identifying information, such as their name or social security numbero The three parts to focusing research1. Identify a testable question2. Devise a hypothesis3. Conduct the researcho Process of sociological research1. Conceptualization2. Dimensions3. Indicators4. MeasurementsMorality and human narrativeso Moral – what we believe is right or wrong, but not necessarily universally goodo Narrative – a form of communication that arranges human action and interactiono People are moral: we do what we think is right according to our own moral orders.o People are believers: we trust certain things rather than testing everything.o Legitimation is the process of making something acceptable within a group.Socializationo Socialization – the process of learning norms, values, and behavior patterns transmitted by social groupso Developmental Socialization – learning behavior in a social institutiono Anticipatory Socialization – rehearsing for future positions and relationshipso Social reproduction – the process by which societies have continuity over timeo Conformity – the process by which people’s beliefs or behaviors are influenced by otherswithin a group. o can be good or bado Group sizeo Cohesiono Resocialization – learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match a new situation in lifeo Moving to a new countryo Going to prisono Retiremento Cognitive Structures – conceptual dimensions on which we scale our experienceo Allow us to compare one experience with anothero Renders events meaningful, organizes experience, guides actiono Can vary over time or form place to placeo Cognitive Restructuring – when we’re presented with a problem that requires organizing principles at a higher level of conceptual complexity than we’ve developed, it will appearto be