PSYCH 350 1st EditionExam #2 Study Guide Lectures: 6-11The Social Psychology of the Super Bowl- BIRGingo Increasing ones association with successful others- CORFingo Decreased ones association with unsuccessful others- Can be measured:o Self-report People say they want to be affiliated w/ group if the group is a success, likewise they don’t want to be present when the group is failingo Behaviorally People will be more likely to wear badge of group if group is successful, likewise people less likely to wear badge of group when group is unsuccessful- 2x will use “we” to describe win over people describing loss- Counterfactual thinkingo Thoughts of “what might have been”o Two types Upward: could have won Downward: I could have losto Satisfaction based on “what might have been” To feel most satisfied w/ outcome of game you want your team to - Lose by a lot or win by a little- Hindsight biaso The “I knew it all along” effectThe Self in the Social World- Self-concepto Your answer to the question “who I am”o Self-schema Beliefs about yourself that guide the processing of self-relevant info - Schematic vs. Aschematic- Autobiographical memorieso Recollections of the events of your life- Self-reference effecto When info is relevant to our self-concepts, we process it quickly & remember it well- Roleso The “parts” you play in you social world New roles make us feel self-conscious until role is incorporated into our self-concept- Social identityo The social definition of who you are  Feel greater sense of social identity when we are in the presence of the other- Social comparisonso Evaluating yourself by comparing yourself to otherso We compare ourselves to others who are similar in relevant ways- Individualismo Our goals>group goalso Identity: personal attributes does not equal group identificationso Independent self The self=distinct, autonomous, self-contained, unique- Collectivismo Group goals>own goalso Identity=group identification does not equal personal attributeso Interdependent self The self=part of larger social network - Self-perception theoryo When cues are difficult to interpret, we gain self-insight by observing our own behavioro Predicting future behaviors A better predictor of future behavior is past behavior- Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivationo Extrinsic Activityexternal reward”I do this because I’m paid to”o Intrinsic  Activityno reward”I do this because I like it”- Overjustification effecto Decrease in intrinsic motivation for activities when associated with reward  “I’m only doing this because I’m getting paid to”- The two-factor theory of emotiono Physiological arousal (body’s reaction) Person’s construal or arousal - Epinephrine studyo Misattribution of arousal Process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do- Facial feedback hypothesis (perceiving our feelings)o Changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion- Affective forecasting (predicting our feeling)o Predicting how you would feel in response to future events  Durability bias- Overestimation of duration of emotional reactions Impact bias- Overestimation of emotional impact of an event EXAMPLE:o “I’d be devastated (impact) for the rest of my life (durability) if I became paraplegic- Self-esteemo An affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations and self-wortho Vs. self-efficacy Sense that one is competent and effectiveo Bottom up Self-esteem is contingent upon external circumstances (primary)o Top down Self-esteem rives external circumstances- Self-serving biaso Tendency to perceive ourselves favorable  Positive events attributed to ability & effort  Negative events attributed to external factorso The above average effect Beliefs that we are above average- Strong when considering subjective and socially desirable characteristicso Explaining self-serving bias1. We’re better able to recognize & remember our own behaviors rather than others behaviors2. Our need for self-esteem motivates us to view ourselves positively- Self-presentationo Process by which we try to shape what others think of us (2 types) Strategic self-presentation- Our efforts to shape others’ impressions (personal ads) Self-verification- Get others to see us as we see ourselves o We want others perceptions to be accurate rather than enhancing - Self-handicappingo Protecting self-image w/ excuses that create a handy explanation for failure  Failureself-esteem unaffected Successfulself-esteem enhaned- What we know about the selfo Stable, enduring aspect of personality o Malleable; dependent upon the situationSocial Perception- Definition of social perceptiono Process by which we come to understand one another Three ways we do this- Observe people- Explain people - Integrate observations & explanations into a coherent impression of people - Observing otherso Appearance Tend to make snap judgments (first impressions)- Personality characteristics are tied to physical characteristicso Non-verbal behavior Observe the situation to gain insight about others- Observing situationso Scripts Preconceived notions about certain types of situations- Knowledge about social settings provides important info about others behaviors- Explaining otherso Attribution theory How we explain the causes of behaviorso Two attributions Situational attributions-external factors Dispositional attributions-internal factos - Jones’ Correspondent Inference Theoryo Inferring whether another’s behavior corresponds to a personal characteristic of the person Three factors- Person’s degree of choice: freely chosen=more info- Expectedness of the behavior: deviation from the norm=more info- Intended effect or consequences of behavior: one effect=more info- Kelly’s Covariation Theoryo Covariation principle We attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and absent when it does noto Three factors Consensus- How do different people react to the same stimulus Distinctiveness- How does the same person react to different stimuli Consistency- What is the behavior when the person and the stimulus are held constant - Fundamental Attribution Erroro Our tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factorso Why commit