PSYCH 350 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Social perceptionII. Observing othersIII. Explaining othersIV. 4 attribution theoriesOutline of Current Lecture I. Kelley’s Covariation theoryII. Fundamental attribution errorIII. Gilbert & Malone’s 2 step process of making attributionsIV. Integrating informationa. Info integration theory V. Social perception: a reviewCurrent Lecture -Kelley's Covariation Theory oBut, we also make judgments based on situational factors, too. oMaking attributions using covariation principleCovariation principle: we attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and absent when it does noto3 factors for attributing to person or to situation:Consensus: how do different people react to the same stimulus?Distinctiveness: how does the same person react to different stimuli?Consistency: what is the behavior when the person and the stimulus are held constant?oMODELYou notice that your boss is yelling at steveBoss yelling-behavior trying to interpretYou wonder: is the boss a jerk? : is steve an idiot? : is there some other situational factor?-CONSISTENCY: frequency with which the boss yells at Steve-DISTINCTIVENESS: does boss yell at everyone including steve-CONSENSUS: how do others behave toward steve? Do they yell at him, too?-INTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONoConsistency high, distinctiveness is low, consensus is low"boss is a jerk"These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Not unique to steve & other people don’t treat steve this way-EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONoConsistency is low, consensus is high, distinctiveness is high-Fundamental attribution error oOur tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factorsoWhy commit FAE?Perceptual salience: we're observing the person, not the situationTemporal factors: snap judgments focus on disposition; with time, we focus on situational factorsSelf-awareness: we're observing our situations, not ourselvesMotivation: our need for self-esteem leads us to view ourselves in a positive way -Gilbert & Malone's Two Step Process of Making attributionsoBehavior of other-->personal attribution+/- situational attribution=final inference Automatic Effortful -Integrating informationoImpression formation: process of integrating information about someone to form a coherent impression-Information integration theory oThe theory that impressions of others are based on:The perceivers disposition Priming and primacy effectsA weighted average of a targets traitsIntegrateoPerceivers disposition: we are consistent in the types of impressions we make of othersoPriming effects: tendency to frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easilyand influence the way we interpret new information1/2 participants were primed withBrave, independent, adventurousHad favorable impression1/2 participants were primed withReckless, foolish, carelessHad favorable impressionoPrimacy effect: tendency for information presented early to have more impact on impressions than information presented later -Social Perception: a reviewoObservation (snap judgments)-->person, situation,