PSYCH 350 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Self conceptII. Thinking about the self III. Self in social environment IV. Cultural influence V. Self-knowledgeOutline of Current Lecture I. Intrinsic & extrinsic motivationII. Self-knowledgeIII. Understanding our emotionsIV. Misattribution of arousalV. Self-knowledgeVI. Feeling good about ourselvesVII. Self-serving biasVIII. Above average effectIX. Explaining self-serving biasX. Self-presentationXI. Self-handicappingCurrent Lecture- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Activity  No Reward ”I do this because I like it” INTRINSIC MOTIVATIONo Activity  External Reward ($) ”I do this because I’m paid to” EXTRINSIC MOTIV.- Self-Knowledgeo Overjustification effect: decrease in intrinsic motivation for activities when associated with reward (behavior becomes overjustified: “I’m only doing this because I’m getting paid to”)- Understanding Our Emotions o The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion o There are 2 components to emotional experience: Physiological Arousal (body’s reaction to things) A person’s construal of arousal o Epinephrine study- Confederates having fun:o Knew they had been given EPIRated themselves no differently than before injection o Did not know they had been given EPIRated themselves as happy- Confederates complaining:o Knew they had been given EPI- Did not know they had been given EPI- Misattribution of Arousal o Misattribution of Arousal: the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do - Self-Knowledgeo Perceiving our feelings Facial Feedback Hypothesis: changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion o Predicting our feelings Affective Forecasting: predicting how you would feel in response to future events Durability Bias: overestimation of duration of emotional reactions o Impact Bias: overestimation of emotional impact of an event  Ex. I’d be devastated (Impact) for the rest of my life (Durability) if I became paraplegic!- Feeling Good About Ourselves o Self-Esteem: an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations and self-worthvso Self-Efficacy: sense that one is competent and effective o *2 are independent of one another Bottom-up: self-esteem is contingent upon external circumstances (primary*) Top-down: self-esteem drives external circumstances - Self-Serving Biaso The tendency to perceive ourselves favorably o When explaining positive events, people attribute an outcome to ability and efforto When explaining negative events, people attribute an outcome to external factors - The Above Average Effect o Our beliefs that we are above average o This is especially strong when considering subjective and socially desirable characteristics - Explaining Self-Serving Bias 1. We’re better able to recognize and remember our own behaviors rather than the behaviors of others 2. Our need for self-esteem motivates us to view ourselves positively - Self-Presentationo Process by which we try to shape what others think of us o Two types: Strategic self-presentation – our efforts to shape others’ impressions - Eg., Personal ads Self-verification – get others to see us as we see ourselves - We want others’ perceptions to be accurate rather than enhancing - Self-Handicapping o Protecting your self-image with excuses that create a handy explanation for failure o In anticipation of failure, why not create a condition to which to attribute failure? Failure  self-esteem unaffected  Successful self-esteem