PSYCH 350 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Intrinsic & extrinsic motivationII. Self-knowledgeIII. Understanding our emotionsIV. Misattribution of arousalV. Self-knowledgeVI. Feeling good about ourselvesVII. Self-serving biasVIII. Above average effectIX. Explaining self-serving biasX. Self-presentationXI. Self-handicappingOutline of Current Lecture I. Social perceptionII. Observing othersIII. Explaining othersIV. 4 attribution theoriesCurrent Lecture-Social perceptionoThe process by which we come to understand one anotheroWe do this in 3 ways:-Observe people-Explain peopleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Integrate observations and explanations into a coherent impression of people-Observing othersoWhen observing others, we tend to make snap judgments (first impressions)-Heavily influenced by appearance-Are snap judgments wrong?-Personality characteristics are tied to physical characteristics oWe also look at others behavior (esp. non-verbal) to form impressionsoObserve the situation to gain insight about others-Scripts: preconceived notions about certain types of situations-Knowledge about social settings provides important information about others behavior-Explaining othersoWe make sense of our social worlds by analyzing the causes of behavior (our own or others)oAttribution theory: how we explain the causes of behavioroTwo ways:-Situational attributions-external factors -Dispositional attributions-internal factorsoDepends on whether you're the actor (I was pushed) or the observer (I fell)-Four attribution theories oJones' correspondent inference theory-Inferring whether another's behavior corresponds to a personal characteristic of the person-Three factors (we use a slice of behavior to make inferences)-Person's degree of choice: freely chosen=more information-The expectedness of the behavior: deviation from norm=more information-Intended effect or consequences of behavior: one effect(rather than many) =more informativeoKelley's Covariation Theory -But, we also make judgments based on situational factors, too. -Making attributions using covariation principle-Covariation principle: we attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and absent when it does not-3 factors for attributing to person or to situation:-Consensus: how do different people react to the same stimulus?-Distinctiveness: how does the same person react to different stimuli?-Consistency: what is the behavior when the person and the stimulus are held constant?-MODEL-You notice that your boss is yelling at steve-Boss yelling-behavior trying to interpret-You wonder: is the boss a jerk? : is steve an idiot?: is there some other situational factor?-CONSISTENCY: frequency with which the boss yells at Steve-DISTINCTIVENESS: does boss yell at everyone including steve-CONSENSUS: how do others behave toward steve? Do they yell at him,