Lecture 7Continuing phonetics 5articulatory processesinsertion- when the sound gets inserted out of (nowhere) in a particular type of environmentin English, often insert an oral stop between a nasal stop and a fricativemetathesis- reordering of segmentsthey have a typical order and maybe over time the sounds swap places and change order; often happens as a speech error and maybe something catches on but more so happens over timeex: spaghetti peskettivowel reduction (weakening)- an unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space, typically as a schwain terms of first exam, be able to identify the articulatory process that occurredphonetics part 6the English vowels fall into a pattern, into the front unrounded vowels, we are missing the front rounded vowels, if you look at the back we have the high and mid ones which are rounded but we are missing the back unrounded vowelsin a way the rounding feature is what we call redundant- if you know anything about the vowels and are given the description of a high front tense vowel, you are able to identify the vowellip rounding is the only way that two vowels have the same featureother languages-rounding may be the only feature that distinguished a pair of vowelsback vowels tend to be rounded cross-linguistically; some languages do have unrounded back vowels thoughsomenon-english stops and trillstrills – alveolar [r] & uvular [R]retroflex alveolar stops- voiceless, nasal, voiceduvular stops- we don’t have any uvular sounds so we are missing this category in English all togethernon English fricativesbilabial fricatives – voiceless & voiced“sh” type sounds- retroflex and palatalvelar fricatives- voiceless & voicedpharyngeal fricatives – voiceless & voicedquite rare cross linguistically, humans cannot make pharyngeal stops it is impossible but we can make the pharyngeal fricatives to a certain extentairstream mechanism- most sounds in the word’s languages are pulmonic egressiveone example for a different airstream mechanism; clicks are velaric or (lingual) ingressivethe lungs are not moving the air, you are using a combination of your velum and tongue to get the air movingthe air is not going out of your mouth the air is going invarious places of articulation- alveolar, bilabial, dentalnon speech sounds: “kissing” sound, tsk-tska small number of languages in S and E Africa use clicks as speech soundsarticulation of a clickback of tongue is pressed up against the velum; front of tongue makes stop closure in front of mouth, air is trapped in space betweenbody of tongue is lowered, increasing enclosed space and rarifying airfront closure is released, causing air to rush into mouthLINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 7 Continuing phonetics 5 - articulatory processes o insertion- when the sound gets inserted out of (nowhere) in a particular type of environment  in English, often insert an oral stop between a nasal stop and a fricative o metathesis- reordering of segments  they have a typical order and maybe over time the sounds swap places and change order; often happens asa speech error and maybe something catches on but more so happens over time  ex: spaghetti peskettio vowel reduction (weakening)- an unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space, typically as a schwa - in terms of first exam, be able to identify the articulatory process that occurred  phonetics part 6- the English vowels fall into a pattern, into the front unrounded vowels, we are missing the front rounded vowels, if you look at the back we have the high and mid ones which are rounded but we are missing the back unrounded vowels o in a way the rounding feature is what we call redundant- if youknow anything about the vowels and are given the descriptionof a high front tense vowel, you are able to identify the vowel o lip rounding is the only way that two vowels have the same feature - other languages-o rounding may be the only feature that distinguished a pair of vowels o back vowels tend to be rounded cross-linguistically; some languages do have unrounded back vowels though - somenon-english stops and trills o trills – alveolar [r] & uvular [R]o retroflex alveolar stops- voiceless, nasal, voicedo uvular stops- we don’t have any uvular sounds so we are missing this category in English all together - non English fricatives o bilabial fricatives – voiceless & voicedo “sh” type sounds- retroflex and palatalo velar fricatives- voiceless & voiced o pharyngeal fricatives – voiceless & voiced  quite rare cross linguistically, humans cannot make pharyngeal stops it is impossible but we can make the pharyngeal fricatives to a certain extent - airstream mechanism- most sounds in the word’s languages are pulmonic egressiveo one example for a different airstream mechanism; clicks are velaric or (lingual) ingressive  the lungs are not moving the air, you are using a combination of your velum and tongue to get the air moving  the air is not going out of your mouth the air is going in o various places of articulation- alveolar, bilabial, dental  non speech sounds: “kissing” sound, tsk-tsk  a small number of languages in S and E Africa use clicksas speech sounds - articulation of a click o back of tongue is pressed up against the velum; front of tongue makes stop closure in front of mouth, air is trapped in space between o body of tongue is lowered, increasing enclosed space and rarifying air o front closure is released, causing air to rush into