LINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 7 Continuing phonetics 5 articulatory processes o insertion when the sound gets inserted out of nowhere in a particular type of environment in English often insert an oral stop between a nasal stop and a fricative o metathesis reordering of segments they have a typical order and maybe over time the sounds swap places and change order often happens as a speech error and maybe something catches on but more so happens over time ex spaghetti pesketti o vowel reduction weakening an unstressed vowel is articulated more toward the center of the vowel space typically as a schwa in terms of first exam be able to identify the articulatory process that occurred phonetics part 6 the English vowels fall into a pattern into the front unrounded vowels we are missing the front rounded vowels if you look at the back we have the high and mid ones which are rounded but we are missing the back unrounded vowels o in a way the rounding feature is what we call redundant if you know anything about the vowels and are given the description of a high front tense vowel you are able to identify the vowel o lip rounding is the only way that two vowels have the same feature other languageso rounding may be the only feature that distinguished a pair of vowels o back vowels tend to be rounded cross linguistically some languages do have unrounded back vowels though somenon english stops and trills o trills alveolar r uvular R o retroflex alveolar stops voiceless nasal voiced o uvular stops we don t have any uvular sounds so we are missing this category in English all together non English fricatives o bilabial fricatives voiceless voiced o sh type sounds retroflex and palatal o velar fricatives voiceless voiced o pharyngeal fricatives voiceless voiced quite rare cross linguistically humans cannot make pharyngeal stops it is impossible but we can make the pharyngeal fricatives to a certain extent airstream mechanism most sounds in the word s languages are pulmonic egressive o one example for a different airstream mechanism clicks are velaric or lingual ingressive the lungs are not moving the air you are using a combination of your velum and tongue to get the air moving the air is not going out of your mouth the air is going in o various places of articulation alveolar bilabial dental non speech sounds kissing sound tsk tsk a small number of languages in S and E Africa use clicks as speech sounds articulation of a click o back of tongue is pressed up against the velum front of tongue makes stop closure in front of mouth air is trapped in space between o body of tongue is lowered increasing enclosed space and rarifying air o front closure is released causing air to rush into mouth
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