Journ 1100 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 20th) Introduction to Journalism- a set of transparent, independent procedures aimed at gathering, verifying, & reporting truthful information of consequence to citizens in a democracy (systemof government in which the people govern themselves)- a discipline of verification*democracy: characterized by free election, each vote equal, majority rule, independent judiciary, equality before law, guarantee of civil liberties 1 st Amendmentreligion, speech, press, assemble, petitionWhat does the public need?Walter Lippmann had a pessimistic view of democracyo Believed the world was too complicated for people, therefore the elite should run the government. John Dewy was an advocate for educationo Encouraged conversation, journalism and education can help builda conversationLecture 2 (January 22nd) Vocabulary (Chapter 1)o Accountability: democracy needs to hold those in power responsible for their actionso Representation: all people (not just those with education, etc.) should have the opportunity to be heardo Deliberation and Conflict Resolution: address democracy’s need for a forum so that the public can voice their opinions Lecture 3 (January 27th)First Amendment- Protect the people from congress- Doesn’t protect us from the private sector which could possibly threaten journalistic freedom- Staff cuts- Quest for ratings- Cost of entry into the marketplace- Advertiser pressure- Source pressureLippmann vs. Dewey (more in depth)Lippmann- Pessimistic about the founder’s vision- Self-censorship- Limit social contact- Not enough time for public affairs- Distortion of thought (media at time frames stories only showing one side)- Small vocabulary is difficult to explain complicated worldDewey- Democracy opens up more information - Conversation is important4 Important Roles1. Information dissemination2. Accountability3. Representation (diversity)4. Deliberation/ conflict resolution5 Core Functions (How does the press fulfill democratic needs)1. Journalism informs, analyzes, interprets and explains2. Journalism investigates3. Journalism creates public conversation4. Journalism helps generate social empathy5. Journalism encourages accountabilityHorizontal accountability: checks and balancesVertical accountability: outside monitors3 Press Metaphors Mirror: matches with information dissemination and representation society can see itself Watchdog: accountability and information dissemination speak up when there are problems, free independent press holding leaders accountable Marketplace: representation, deliberation/ conflict resolution Lecture 4 (January 29th)Roots of Press Freedom John Milton (English poet 1608-1674) criticized licensing and censorship of the press John Locke (English philosopher/ Political Thinker 1632-1704) and the Enlightenment What is the source of truth? Reason Who has the ultimate authority?Rational individuals, not the state Exercising Reason – people can govern themselves Libel laws prohibit criticism of government o “greater the truth, the greater the libel”o today the truth is a defense to libel Hutchins Commissiono Time publisher Henry Luce assembled 13 intellectuals in 1942 Robert Maynard Hutchins (University of Chicago President) was chairmano Concluded with rights come responsibilitieso Social responsibility view of the press/ contrast with libertarian view of press, journalists should be considered professionals act in interest of the public(all information can be found in “Principles of American Journalism” by Stephanie Craft and Charles N. Davis) Lecture 5 (February 3rd)Crisis for Funding Media- Open information crisis, we have reached the limit of self expression- Flawed culture of communication- Mix of personal and public expression- Challenge of responsible communications4 Pillars of the Open Interest1. Corporate2. State/government3. Journalism and media (entertainment industry)4. Citizens voice (social network and communication)What makes Journalism different than free expression?- Journalism is not free speech, it’s constrained expression- Works in framework of values and ethics- Purpose- Other regarding (impacts others)Ethical Values- Truth, accuracy, fact based- Independence- Impartial (many sides to a story)- Show humanity (productions can be damaging)- Accountable and transparentCan such principles apply on the web?- Internet= self-regarding, not other regarding- Bias, prejudice and lack of fairness are all acceptable on the web- Dominated by self interestViable and Common Values- Truth & Accuracy: fact-based communication- Humanity: Avoid malice and do no harm- Accountability: transparency & self correctionMoving towards a culture of responsible communication…- Accuracy, transparency privacy, anonymity, accountability, self corrective, avoid rushing to publishLeadership with in Journalism and Media- Rethinking and acts of Journalism- Leadership from media- Dialogues with web users: ethicsLecture 6 (February 6)Journalism: set of transparent, independent procedures aimed at gathering, verifying and reporting truthful information of consequence to citizens in democracy Reasons for a definition…Separate journalists from citizens journalists3 Reasons…1. Academic  How do we study journalism if we don’t know what it is?o Medium, management, activities, outputs, social roles, ethics2. Legal  Who enjoys freedom of press protection under amendment 1?o Constitutional privileges, shield laws, restricted laws3. Industry  Who do journalists consider part of their field?o Outputs, activities, autonomy, livelihood  Research behind the definition…o Doctoral students researched to see how journalists were defined and defined it with a scholarly, legal, industry consensus on the definition*a journalist is someone employed to regularly engage in gathering, processing, and disseminating news to information (output) to serve the public interest (social role) Why is it flawed? U.S. journalists share common valueso Patriotism (loyalty to their country)o Democracyo Capitalism (with responsibility)o Pastoral or small town way of lifeo Individualismo Moderatism (centrist politics, consensus seeking)o View self as a professionalo Typically from upper to middle class backgroundso Have Journalism educationLecture 7 (February 10th) Defining Journalismo Transparencyo Independenceo Verificationo Journalism is a set of