BIO 152 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideKey terms:Science: About understanding how the universe works and in discovering the fundamental reasons why everything works the way it doesObjective: its laws and predictions are repeatable and unaffected by human preferences.Empirical: its findings are measurable and every theory can be tested.Dynamic: the process of scientific investigation leads to new discoveries every dayHypothesis: a proposition that might be trueAtomic theory: all matter is composed of atoms.Cell theory: all life is composed of cells. Genetic theory: the characteristics of living things are passed on through genes Evolutionary theory: types of living things change over time.Ecological theory: all life is interrelated Aerobic respiration: The availability of oxygen allowed the evolution of new heterotrophs that could use oxygen to break down organic moleculesSymbiosis: interactions between 2 different organisms living in a close physical associationTheory of Endosymbiosis: Mitochondria and chloroplast are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae which becomes symbiotic.Taxonomy: The science of documenting biodiversity.Phylogeny: The study of the evolutionary historyAnalogous: Similar adaptations in different organisms Homologous: Indicate relatednessCladistics: Concepts and methods for the determination of branching patterns of evolutionRationale: Members of a group share a common evolutionary history Cladogram: A visual reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a group of organismsPhoto-autotroph: Make energy from Light and have a carbon source of CO2Chemo-autotroph: Make energy from inorganic materials and have a carbon source of CO2Photo-Heterotroph: Make energy from light and have a carbon source of Organic compoundsChemo- Heterotroph: Make energy and have a carbon source of organic compoundsMacronucleus: large nucleus that controls metabolic activities Micronucleus: involved in reproductionBinary fission: When individual spits into 2 identical individualsAgar: used for thickeningMycologists: Scientists who study fungi pending and stabilizingPart 1 Scientific method - A more complete outlining involves the following:•The scientist gets an idea•It makes pertinent observations•Studies pertinent literature•Develops an hypothesis or hypotheses•Design experiments to test the hypothesis•Conducts experiments•Keeps careful records•Evaluates results of the experimentsPart 2 Endosymbiont Theory - According to this theory, mitochondria and plastids (e.g. chloroplasts), and possibly other organelles, represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell as an endosymbiont, around 1.5 billion years ago.- Evidences supporting the theory 1. Double Cell membrane- chemistry 2. Chloroplast & Mitochondria divide independently 3. Circular DNA 4. Own enzymes- Protein Synthesis 1. A number of antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis within mitochondria and chloroplast 2. They don’t interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes 3. The antibiotic rifampicin, inhibits the RNA polymerase of bacteria4. It also inhibits the RNA polymerase within mitochondria 5. It has no such effect on the RNA polymerase within the eukaryotic nucleusPart 3 Organic Evolution - How did the first genetic system evolve?1. For evolution, early protobionts would need a way of storing info for enzyme production- Scientists believe the RNA served as the “original genetic material”1. Some RNA can spontaneously create and replicate itself in a test tube2. Certain kinds of RNA can act as enzymes (ribozymes)3. RNA is capable of storing information- A true first cell would have to contain 1) A boundary2) Enzymes3) Energy storage in ATP4) RNA specifying enzyme structure5) RNA replication6) Identification of each amino acid by a triplet codon7) tRNA’s to construct protein- Cell Evolution1. Prokaryotic cells represent the first cells 2. Theory’s show Eukaryotic cells aggregated form prokaryotes3. Eventually the 2 merged to become a Eukaryote 4. Eukaryotic evolved from prokaryotic5. Eukaryotic cells are structurally much more developed- Symbiosis 1. Interactions between 2 different organisms living in a close physical association that benefit both creatures1.- Theory of Endosymbiosis 1. Mitochondria and chloroplast are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae which becomes symbiotic.- Factors against the theory2. Mitochondria and chloroplast only code for a few proteins 3. Most proteins found in organelles are coded for by the nuclear DNA4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts unable to live on their own when isolated from the eukaryotic cell. Systematics - The science of documenting biodiversitya. Naming b. Identifying c. Classifying - Scientific name 1. Carl Linnaeus discovered Species Plantarum 2. Genus + Specific epithet + author = Species name3. Genus: usually a noun, commemorates a person 4. Specific epithet: usually an adjective, may honor a place or location- Analogous a. Similar adaptations in different organisms b. Ex: Analogy in the wings of birds and dragonflies- Homologousa. Indicate relatednessb. Ex: Homology in vertebrate limbs- Kingdoms 1. Protista 2. Animalia 3. Fungi 4 Monera 5. PlantaePart 4 Prokaryotes- Bacteria Shapes- Modes of Nutrition 1. Photo-autotroph a. Make energy from Light and have a carbon source of CO22. Chemo-autotroph a. Make energy from inorganic materials and have a carbon source of CO23. Photo-Heterotroph a. Make energy from light and have a carbon source of Organic compounds4. Chemo- Heterotroph- How Antibiotics work1. Inhibiting gene expression2. Disrupting the proper coiling of DNA 3. Blocking the synthesis of proteins 4. Inhibiting the production of ATP 5. Targeting molecule 6. Preventing the formation of the cell wall- Bacterial resist effects of antibiotics 1. Make enzymes that inactivate antibiotics 2. Altering the shape of the target molecules 3. Pumping antibiotics out of the cellPart 5 Bacteria Reproduction and Protista - Means of reproduction1. No sexual reproduction 2. Binary fission3. Conjugation bridge - Cyanobacteria 1. Relatively large2. Variety of organization3. Gliding motility4. Some cellular differentiation5. Most have thylakoids6. Peptidoglycan cell