BIOL 152 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 1 Mycota:- Characteristics 1. Non-vascular 2. No photosynthesis 3. Morphology: hyphae-mycelium 4. Cell walls: Chitin 5. Reproduction: spores (wind, sexual, asexual) 6. Heterotrophic: saprophytes and parasites 7. Enzymes and acids: absorption and digestion- Importance1. Decomposers- recycling of organic matter2. Sources of important products for medicine 3. Food or enhance the food we consume4. Source of misery and death as disease agents- Classification1. chytidomycota- the chytrids a. Parasites on: pollen grains, other fungi, algae, higher plants 2. oomycota- water molds and mildews a. Lives on dead flies 3. Zygomycota- bread mold a. Common black bread mold. Rhizopus4. Ascomycota- sac fungi a. Includes: Ergot causing fungus, wood- rotting fungi, common yeast5. Basidiomycota- club fungi a. Includes mushrooms, shelf fungi6. Deuteromycota- Imperfecti fungi a. Cause athletes foot and ring worm b. Medical- penicillin c. Food- cheeseProtisome Animals- Characteristics These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. -Animal kingdomA. Number of species1. 10-20 million to 100 to 200 million B. What is an animal 1. Animals are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organisms that develop from an embryo 2. Have two unique cell typesa. Nerve cells for impulse b. Muscle cells for movement - Levels of organization a. Cellsb. Tissues c. Organsd. Systemse. Individual f. Populationg. Communityh. Ecosystems i. Biosphere- ClassificationC. Animal Classification1. Body symmetrya. Radial symmetry- Jellyfish and sea anemones (have 4 identical parts)b. Bilateral symmetry- An anterior and posterior end (have 2 identical parts)2. Embryonic development 3. Internal cavities a. Acoelomates b. Pseudocoelomates c. CoelomatesD. Layers of blastula 1. Ectoderm- Gives rise to skin sense organs and nervous system2. Mesoderm- Gives rise to muscle, skeleton, and connective tissue3. Endoderm- Gives rise to the intestines and other digestive organs E. Advantages of having a coelom1. Prevents muscle inference with digestive? Circulatory system2. Hydrostatic skeleton for muscle to work 3. Protected space for production of sperm and ova F. Subkingdom Parazoa1. (sponges) no true tissues, cooperative, specialized cells onlyG. Subkingdom Eumetazoa 1. All other animal phyla2. Cells are specialized and interdependent 3. Cells are coordinated in function4. Tissues develop through a process of layering during embryogenyH. Coelomates 1. Protostomes- mouth develops first from the blastopore (snails, earthworms) Deuterostomes- Characteristics-The blastopore develops into an anus instead of a mouth-The mouth forms after the development of the anus-Divide into 4 phyla- Classification1. Echinodermataa. Sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbersb. most reproduce sexuallyc. Radially as adults and bilaterally symmetrical as larvae2. Chaetognathaa. Arrow worms b. A post anal tail3. Hemichordataa. Acorn worms b. Gill slits c. Dorsal nerve cord - 4. Chordataa. Alee exhibit four common characteristics at some point during their developmenti. Notochord- a flexible rod running along the dorsal surfaceii. Dorsal Hollow nerve cord- Between the notochord and the surface of the back, it contains nervous tissueiii. Pharyngeal Gill Slits- Openings in the side of the bodyiv. Postanal tail- Tail that extends beyond the anusA. Chordates are divided into 3 subphyla1. Tunicata2. Cephalochordata3. VertebrataB. 2 features distinguish vertebrates from other chordates1. A segmented vertebral column made of vertebrae- Classes 1. Placodermaa. Now extinct 2. Agnathaa. A Sea lamprey 3. Chondrichthyaa. Sharks 4. Osteichthyaa. Ray finned fishes 5. Amphiblaa. Most life begins at fertilization in waterb. Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to become a terrestrial adultc. Thin, moist skind. No claws on toes e. Three chambered heart f. Rely of water for reproduction g. Ectothermic- unable to control internal temperature h. Born with 2 chambered heart, grow into 3 chambered heart6. Reptiliaa. Scales (water loss), claws (obtaining food & protection), three chambered heart (except crocodilians)b. No larvae stage c. Ectothermici. Adaptations for terrestrial lifeii. A watertight skiniii. Efficient kidneys for water concervationiv. Well adapted walking limbs - Class Aves 1. Birds 2. 3 features distinguish birds from reptiles a. Feathersi. Down feathersii. Contours b. Flighti. Hollow bonesii. Lack of teeth iii. Respiratory systemiv. Digestive system c. Endothermy3. Wingsa. Modified of front limbsb. Powerful flight4. 4 Chambered heart 5. Digestive systema. Must consume large amounts of food for energy b. Swallow stones to help grind up food 6. Respiratory systema. Air sacs holding area for oxygenated air 7. Reproductiona. Internal fertilization8. Legs 1. Mostly skin, bone and tendons2. Adapted for gripping prey- Class Mammalia 1. Milk producing mammary glands (aid for offspring)2. Hairs ( aid in heat conservation)3. 2 sets of teeth (baby and adult) 4. Traits a. Hair i. Provides insulation and waterproofing ii. Some camouflage iii. Evolved from scales b. Endotherm (fast paced metabolism)c. Nurse offspringi. Small animals have large litters with short term nursingii. Large animals have small litters with long nursing periods d. Single jaw bone e. 3 middle ear bonesf. Respiration and circulationi. Diaphragm expands and contracts the chest cavity ii. 4 chambered heart g. Teethi. Diet determines shape ii. Used as tools 5. 3 subclasses of mammals1. Protheriansa. Endotherms with hair and mammary glands b. Lay eggs that are similar to reptiles and birds 2. Metatheriansa. Emerge from the uterus as fetuses and continue their development within the mothers pouch b. Kangaroo and koala 3. Eutherians a. Most common mammal including elephants, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs ,humansb. Development in placental mammals takes place within the uterus of the mother4. All differ with distinct skulls teeth and reproduction C. Adaptions for vertebrates to live on land1. They needed to obtain and conserve water in a dry environment 2. They needed to extract oxygen from air rather than water3. Strong skeleton for body support A head with a skull and brainPlants-