BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 4I. Systematics A. Classification1. Way to organize the living world2. Provides a method to clearly communicate 3. Evaluation of the relationship organisms have to each other4. Taxonomy + PhylogenyB. Taxonomy1. The science of documenting biodiversity.a. Naming b. Identifying c. Classifying C. Phylogeny 1. The study of the evolutionary history D. Common vs. scientific names Advantages1. They are often descriptive (arrowhead, sea grape, etc.)2. Easy to pronounce3. Easy to remember4. More familiar to people5. More pleasant to hear6. Some are just plain fun (gill-over-the-ground)E. Common name disadvantages 1. Not universal2. No information indicating generic and familial relationships3. Used for family, genus, species, etc.4. One species may have many common namesChrysanthemum leucanthemum:Daisy, white daisy, ox-eye, ox-eye daisy,Shasta daisy, white weedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.5. Two or more species have same common nameSida (Malvaceae): ironweedVernonia (Composite): ironweed6. Many species (rare) don’t have common names7. Names may be misleading: Jerusalem artichokeF. Scientific name 1. Carl Linnaeus discovered Species Plantarum 2. Genus + Specific epithet + author = Species name3. Genus : usually a noun, commemorates a person 4. Specific epithet : usually an adjective, may honor a place or location G. Nomenclature 1. Rules ICBN, ICZN2. ICBN= International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 3. Stable method of naming species 4. Avoid useless creation of names 5. Grammatical correctness of names6. Provide a Latin description7. Designate a type specimen H. Role of classification1. Carolus Linnaeus a. Refined classification into a hierarchy where groups of similar organisms can be subdivided into smaller groupsI. Analogous Vs. Homologous structures 1. Analogous a. Similar adaptations in different organisms b. Ex: Analogy in the wings of birds and dragonflies2. Homologousa. Indicate relatednessb. Ex: Homology in vertebrate limbsJ. Kingdoms1. Protista 2. Animalia 3. Fungi 4. Monera 5. Plantae K. Classification Methods1. Artificial2. Natural3. Phylogenetic CladisticsII. Cladistics A. Concepts and methods for the determination of branching patterns of evolution1. Useful for creating system of classification2. Predicts the properties of organisms 3. Helps to elucidate mechanisms of evolution B. Rationale 1. Members of a group share a common evolutionary history 2. Recognized by sharing unique features not present in distant ancestors C. Cladogram 1. A visual reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a group of