KIN 3309 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Upper Extremity II Sternoclavicular Joint III Clavicle IV Acromioclavicular Joint V Scapulothoracic Joint VI Glenohumerol Joint VII Movements of Shoulder Complex VIII Scapular Movements IX Shoulder Joint Range of Motion X Shoulder Joint Movement Characteristics XI Shoulder Muscle Strength XII Elbow and Radioulnar Joint XIII Ulnarhumeral Joint XIV Radiohumeral Joint XV Radioulnar Joint XVI Elbow Movement Characteristics XVII Muscles Acting at the Elbow XVIII Elbow Extensors These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute XIX Wrist XX Wrist and Fingers XXI Carpal Tunnel Syndrome XXII Contribution of Upper Extremity Musculature to Sports Skills or Movements XXIII Lower Extremity starting from the hip joint and down XXIV The Pelvic and Hip Complex XXV Movements of the Sacrum and Trunk XXVI Movements of the Pelvis XXVII The Hip Joint XXVIII Hip Ranges of Motion XXIX The Femoral Neck XXX Injury Potential XXXI Muscles Acting at the Knee XXXII Quiz XXXIII The Knee Joint XXXIV Anatomical and Functional Characteristics XXXV Knee Menisci and Ligaments XXXVI Strength and Force XXXVII The Ankle and Foot Outline of Current Lecture I The Lower Leg II The Knee Joint III Movements of the Knee Joint IV Anatomical and Functional Characterisitcs V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX Tibiofibular Joint of the Knee Knee Menisci and Ligaments Muscles Acting at the Knee Strength and Force Injury Potential The Ankle and Foot Anatomical and Functional Characteristics of the Ankle Joint Movements at the Ankle Pronation and Supination at the Foot Strength and Forces Injury Potential Locomotion The Vertebral Column Regions of the Spine Key Muscles of the Trunk Motion Segments of the Spine Range of Motion in Individual Motion Segments Contribution to Total Movement Strength and Forces at the Vertebral Joints Posture Postural Deviations Stretching and Strengthening Exercises Injury Potential Disc Degeneration Effects of Aging on the Trunk Contribution of Trunk Musculature to Sports Skills or Movements Quiz Current Lecture I The Lower Leg II The Knee Joint a Supports body weight while allowing a large range of motion b A double Condyloid joint i 2 degrees of freedom c Primary movement is flexion extension III Movements of the Knee Joint IV Anatomical and Functional Characteristics a The knee joint region consists of three articulations joints i Tibiofemoral ii Patellofemoral iii Tibofibular V Tibiofibular Joint of the Knee a A small joint between the head of the fibula and the tibial condyle i Dissipates torsional stresses applied by the movements of the foot ii Attenuates lateral tibial bending VI Knee Menisci and Ligaments a Lateral and medial menisci b Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments ACL and PCL c Transverse ligament VII Muscles Acting at the Knee a Quadriceps femorus muscle i Rectus Femoris ii Vastus Medialis iii Vastus lateralis iv Vastus intermedius VIII Strength and Force a Extensors stronger than flexors throughout range of motion b Knee muscles exert considerable force i Quadriceps tension 1 3 x BW in walking 4 x BW in stair climbing 5 x BW in squat favorable force length combination c Sample Joint Forces i Patellofemoral compressive force 0 5 1 5 x BW in walking 3 4 x BW in climbing 7 8 x BW in squats ii Tibiofemoral compressive forces often 1 000 N iii Tibiofemoral shear forces often 600 N d Figure 6 27 for exercises IX Injury Potential a The knee joint is a frequently injured area of the body accounting for 25 70 of reported injuries depending on the sport b Often related to poor conditioning and or alignment problems in the lower extremities c Running exerts forces of 3x BW on the knee with a frequency of 1 500 contacts per mile d Traumatic injuries usually involve knee ligaments caused by forceful twisting action i ACL is the most common ligament injured ii Torn menisci can also result from twisting X The Ankle and Foot a The foot and ankle consist of i 26 irregular shaped bones ii 30 synovial joints iii 30 muscles iv 100 ligaments b Most motion occurs at 3 joints i Talocrural ii Subtalar AKA talocalcaneal iii Midtarsal XI Anatomical and Functional Characteristics of the Ankle Joint a Talocrural joint ankle joint i Consists of articulations between the tibiotalar joint and the tibiofibular joint ii The proximal joint of the foot iii It is designed for stability rather than mobility iv Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion b Subtalar Joint i Articulation between the talus and calcaneus 1 Largest weight bearing bones in the foot ii More distal than the talocrual joint iii Pronation and supination c Midtarsal joint i Consists of two joints calcaneocuboid and talonavicular ii The alignment of the axes of these joints affects the mobility of the midfoot iii Shock absorption XII Movements at the Ankle XIII Pronation and Supination of the Foot TQ XIV Strength and Forces a Plantarflexion is the strongest movement b Dorsiflexion is minimally used in most daily activities and has low muscle mass involved c Sample forces on the ankle and foot i Ground forces during walking 0 8 to 1 1 x BW at heel strike 0 8 x BW during midstance 1 3 x BW at toe off ii Compression at the ankle joint during walking 3 x BW at heel strike 5 x BW at toe off iii During running ankle forces of 9 0 to 13 3 x BW and Achilles tendon forces of 5 3 to 10 x BW XV Injury Potential a Injuries to the ankle and foot account for a large proportion of the injuries to the lower extremities b Hindfoot injuries usually occur due to compressive forces c Midfoot injuries are often due to excessive lateral movement d Forefoot injuries are often due to compressive and tensile forces e Most injuries result from overtraining or an excessive training bout f Anatomical factors resulting in poor gait such as overpronation also cause injuries g Exercises in Figure 6 39 XVI Locomotion a With increasing walking speeds i Stance phase decreases ii Double support decreases iii Swing phase increases XVII The Vertebral Column a The vertebral column provides rigid support and flexibility b The column consists of 33 vertebrae 24 of which contribute to trunk movement c The column also protects the spinal cord d The vertebrae are arranged into four curves that facilitate support XVIII Regions of the Spine a Cervical Region C1 to