Succession IssuesIssue was a concern since the 2nd Constitutional SettlementInitial choice was Agrippa his loyal lieutenantEased concerns of hereditary monarchyHad Agrippa marry his daughter JuliaAdopted his grandsons under Agrippa, Lucius and GaiusAugustus anointed them as his heirs in waitingShowed favor to his stepsons to his wife Livia, Drusus and TiberiusAgrippa died and forced Tiberius to divorce his wife and marry his step sister Julia (Augustus’ son)Tiberius retired from RomeTiberius recalled to Rome after the deaths of Lucius, Gaius, and DrususTiberius was legally adopted by Augustus and granted powersTribunician powersMade proconsul13 AD given an equal share of Augustus’ maius imperiumFormed legal basis of princeps authorityGives him more power than any senator or consulDeath of AugustusAugustus is traveling with Livia in Southern Italy in the town of Nola and he becomes very illWhen Augustus is lying on his death bed his last words are “have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit.”Shows Augustus as an actorActor was not a noble occupation but here the emperor is taking a crucial part as his role as a figurehead and an actor playing the part as the absolute rulerDied as a beloved figure who managed to get Rome through a difficult period of civil war, transfers power without another civil warEnormous procession from Nola to RomeCremated on a funeral pyre near his mausoleumHe outlived his immediate descendents and joins them in the mausoleum and is declared a GodTiberius delivered a eulogySenate confirmed Tiberius’ as princepsThere was the murder of Postumus Agrippa in exileDrunken womanizerAugustus was not proud of this and had sent him into exile and in order to prevent him from challenging Tiberius he has him murderedLegacy of AugustusPrincipate as a form of government that replaced the Republic and endured until 5th Century ADKnown as the empire or imperial periodBriefly modified in 3rd century (tetrarchy)Empire was large and was decided to institute of double emperorsLength of reign had a key factor of younger generations having no memory of the republic so there was no usurper that would come up and want to get back the old republicExtensive building in Rome and provincesLength of his reign supported this and could carry out everythingSystem of taxationDirect taxation in provincesCollection done by civil servants, not private syndicates (publicani)People working for the governmentAbuses are much lessProvinces are now much more loyal to RomeMonth of Sextilis renamed AugustTiberiusFirst of 4 Julio-Claudian EmperorsMembers of AugustusFamily ruled from 14-68 ADSpent a lot of time away from Rome, especially at his house in CapriSkilled tactician, wanted the Germanic tribes that were harassing the Roman empire, focused on military affairsHis absence facilitated abuses of treason laws by senatorsSenators were told that trials for treason against Rome were at an all time high and under Tiberius it’s a political move to get rid of enemiesDidn’t sponsor public games, which didn’t win favor of peopleDidn’t want to spend money on large scale building projectsAugustus spent lavishly and was spending more than Rome was taking inThere was a fire in Rome and he ensured rebuilding, didn’t play up his patronage that would advertise him as the rebuilder of Rome after this disasterConstruction of barracks for the Praetorian GuardBrings them from outside the city to insideIncreases the influence of this guardPraetorian Prefect was Sejanus for a long timeEventually put to death for killing people in Tiberius’ familyHas tremendous influence over Tiberius and RomeActs like the emperor when Tiberius is goneDeath of TiberiusBy the Praetorian Prefect that replaced SejanusPraetorian prefect strangled himCommon to portray emperors that were unpopular as wicked, evil, being murdered, Karma coming back and haunting themCaligulaLittle boots is his nicknameTiberius’ successor, adopted by himDirect descendent of Augustus and Agrippina the Elder (daughter of Agrippa and Julia)Caligula was young as emperor, so his bad behavior could have something to do with his ageSon of GermanicusSister was Agrippina the Younger, Mother of NeroGood start, went off the deep endToo much powerSuffered from epilepsy or illness?Became ill with a fever that might have given brain damageRestored senatorial authorityTries to restore relations between principate and senateReinstituted spectaclesCreated new courts to deal with backlog of casesTiberius wasn’t in Rome to oversee trialsWanted cases to be processed more quicklyDistributed moneyNew building projectsBecame more and more autocratic, outrageous, performed as a charioteer, gladiator, and singerDressed as various gods in publicMocks divinityDeified his sister, planned to make his horse a consulPandered to people, ignored the elitesMilitary interests were primarily in East, including JudaeaAssassinated by Praetorian guardClaudius 41-54 ADCaligula died by the praetorian guard without a named heirCaligula’s uncle, Claudius, proclaimed emperor by the same praetorian guard that had assassinated CaligulaClaudius was unthreatening to the praetorian guard, would be a puppet emperor so the guard could exercise some sort of controlNephews in-law tried to claim power but he dispatches with themClaudius’ reputation was a fool and that was probably an act and his way of dealing with imperial politics to seem less threateningCerebral Palsy? Deaf in one ear and walked with a limp (lame)All Augustus’ descendents have issues that interfere with their personalityClaudius has a lot of interest in old history, intellectualClaudius is savvy about consolidating powerHis niece Julia Livilla was a rival so Claudius executed herUndertook a range of public projectsAqueducts to ensure clean waterWanted to gain support and improve life for RomansWeakened the power of the praetorian guardYou have an imperial body guard deciding who is going to rule Rome, various emperors need to manage thisAlienates the senateSenate is ready to fight for the true restoration of the republicTension between Claudius and the SenateClaudius recognizes he still has to work with the senateWorks with them on matters, when he felt less invested in something he would bring in the senate and make them think their opinions matterRevives censor, does everyone meet the requirements to be senator? Are they living a moral life?This revival shows us how Claudius is trying to meet the