The Senate and the GeneralPompey was really wealthy and got rid of his troops, which surprised Romans and gave them lots of rewardsHad a triumphAll Pompey wanted was the approval of the arrangements he had made in Asia MinorSenate didn’t do this immediatelyBona Dea AffairClodius was caught trying to dress as a woman and courting Julius Caesar’s wifeRitual of a good goddess, females onlyBig public trial that was a distraction to the senate from Pompey’s situationLucullus, Cato, and other conservative senators felt that Pompey was too powerful, continued to stall him in 60Putting Pompey in his placeCaesar was also being stalled because they wouldn’t allow him back to Rome from Gaul and register as candidate for consulLeads to Caesar creating a triumvirate, group of 3 men that form an alliance to work against the aims of the conservative senators (Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar)The First TriumviratePompey, Crassus, and CaesarPompey was the most powerful and Caesar was the least, Crassus was the third wheel and balances the ambitions of the other twoCicero, the orator, was invited to join but he declined, would have been a good opportunity for himNot a formal arrangement, no constitutional basisMutually beneficial to each partner at a time when conservative senators were hindering their progressCaesar PortraitStrong similarities to MariusCaesar’s ConsulshipCaesar is elected consul with assistance of Pompey and CrassusStarts out consulship with a conciliatory attitude towards obstructionist senatorsMain goal was land distribution, but this issue is a populist cause and highly controversialCaesar’s co-consul is BibulusSon in-law of Cato the YoungerOptimate, balance to Caesar’s reformsTries to reach a compromise to get a land deal throughSenators refuse to listen to what Caesar is saying and they filibuster itCaesar takes the proposal out of the Senate and to the tribal assembly (popular vote) does this against BibulusBibulus decides he wants to stop the vote by pretending he sees omens in the sky, strategy doesn’t workMasses harass Bibulus and has feces thrown on himCato is expelled, Bibulus fledCaesar gets enough votes for it to passAftermath of the ShowdownCaesar realizes he doesn’t need the senateReplaced the Senate with the Tribal assemblyDemanded all senators swear on oath to respect the land distribution legislation, this is humiliation to themWhoever controls the masses is who is in chargeRefunds 1/3 of the bid to publicani in Asia MinorPublicani is in debt because they over-speculated how much money they would be able to collectSenate wouldn’t do t his, Caesar didRatified Pompey’s arrangements in the eastPassed legislation regulating the conduct of senators who governed provincesMeant to make it harder for these elites to get richIn order to reaffirm the alliance Caesar married his daughter Julia to PompeyIn response to Cicero’s abuses of Caesar and of the triumvirate, Caesar allowed Publius Clodius to change status from patrician to plebeianWhy would someone want to give up patrician status?To become tribune of the plebs, great way to get popular supportCaesar is given command of Cisalpine and Transalpine GaulParts of Gaul in front and behind alpsGiven Illyricum for 4 legions for 5 years instead of the regular 1 yearTrying to escape prosecution for the things he did as consulFree pass as consul where he would do illegal things then run off to Gaul and get richSenate was very nervous for all Caesar’s powerShows weakness of the Roman senate because they don’t recognize the danger of the triumvirateClodius’ TribunateCaesar leaves Rome for Gaul after his consulship endsMany Romans, especially optimates, like Cicero and resented the Triumvirate, disliked violence and disregard for Roman law which the triumvirate didClodius runs for Tribune and winsClodius buts heads with PompeyClodius is trying to challenge Pompey’s popularity by:Making grain free not just subsidizedRemoved a ban on collegia (social clubs)Would plot to do thingsAll of these things fueled his popularityClodius has Pompey attacked and shows his characterDo whatever it takes to get powerPompey is afraid and goes and hides in his houseMilo and Sesitus are tribunes hired by Pompey to recruit gangs to fight against Clodius’ thugsReaffirming the AllianceWe start to see breaks in the alliance between Caesar and Pompey, Crassus is off the radarCicero is back in Rome (exiled during a conspiracy)There is a grain shortage but puts pressure on Rome’s leaders especially tribune of the plebsSenate is threatening to end Caesar’s command in Gaul, meant he is subject to prosecutionThe triumvirs are having a reaffirmation meeting in LucaLuca is picked because its as far south as Caesar can go without having to give up command of his troopsSenators were invited to come, no one though they would but they actually didArranged that Pompey and Crassus will be elected consulsArrange long term commands for themselves so during their consulship they can do whatever they wantExtend Caesar’s term of command in GaulGet Cicero and Clodius in line and disarmedAfter LucaPompey and Crassus are elected consul and after the year in office they take their two Commands of Spain (P) and Syria (C) for 5 yearsPompey wanted to use legates to rule and Crassus wanted to fight a glorious battle somewhere far awayPompey wants to take on problem of a steady grain supplyPeople cant live off the land they depend on food coming in from a distanceWants to have the face to face relationship with Romans and want the continued popularity he has hadCrassus campaigned against the ParthiansTotal disaster30,000 men lost including CrassusLoses Roman standards, the eagleHumliating“Remember the Parthians, remember the standards”Slavery and the Rise of RomeExisted from the earliest days of monarchyFathers would sell their childrenDebtors sold themselves into slaverySlavery is mentioned in the 12 TablesFirst written Roman lawsNumber of slaves increased in the 3rd and 2nd centuries after Rome’s victories in foreign wars3rd Punic warWhen part of what is fueling Rome’s imperialism is the number of slaves and as they get more they can expand more quickly, they need slaves to serve domestically and also in military contextWhen you need more slaves you fight and conquer then get moreExact number of slaves is unknownThe Tricky Slave in Roman ComedyRoman comedy comes about around the time of the 2nd Punic WarCommon character is the tricky