The Southern Italian Allies after CannaeCarthage was able to learn from Rome’s techniques in land fightingReturn to skirmish tacticsAt first they didn’t want to stick to Fabius’ tacticsFinally Fabius is put in charge and is given position of dictatorEfforts to recapture allies who deserted to HannibalMany of the cities at first weren’t eager to be Romanized and when it seemed like Hannibal was going to win they deserted Rome so Rome needed to recapture these alliesThey went through Syracuse, Capua, Tarentum (see map on p 64)Through skirmish tactics they managed to drive Hannibal to the very south of Italy (Bruttium)Hannibal confined to Bruttium, in far south of Italy, near where Carthage used to have a presence and he is corneredHannibal’s supply lines are cut off because Roman navy was so strong so everyone trying to help Hannibal failedHasdrubal, Hannibal’s brother, tried to bring reinforcements from Spain but was defeated and killed in battleRomans begin to switch venues because before everything had been fought in ItalyRome is now able to get the allies back so they have more soldiers and start turning to SpainRoman presence in Spain: by 206 they had routed Carthaginian forces and turned attention to North Africa and SpainSpain has mineral resources that Roman and Carthage both likeThis whole thing was a long period of skirmish warfare, but was a successful way to get Hannibal out of ItalyRomans in Africa204 BC Scipio leads Roman troops to North AfricaThey land at Utica, just north of Carthage, coastal town and well positioned to make a move on CarthageUtica was also a rival to Carthage, Phoenician settlement originallyRomans were going to receive less resistance with Utica so they landed thereMasinissa (African chieftain) became an ally to RomeWithout the help of other African groups, in this case Numidians who felt competitive with Carthage, Rome wouldn’t have been able to be so successfulRomans defeat Carthaginians with aid from Numidians led by MasinissaHannibal is recalled to Africa to deal with the mess by the Carthaginian Senate, get out of BruttiumRomans have finally shifted the space of battle to North Africa and out of ItalyBattle of Zama and Aftermath202 BC Scipio defeats Hannibal at ZamaConcluding battle of the Second Punic warScipio’s victory that gives him the name Scipio AfricanusHannibal withdraws his forces and the terms of surrender come up201 BC terms of surrender negotiatedSuch harsh termsSurrender of fleet, they are allowed to keep 10 of their boats and burn the rest and people inspected thisLarge payment, was meant to cripple Carthage but Hannibal was good at fundraising and got money from wealthy tax payers and was able to pay it off very quickly to the Romans’ surpriseForbidden to wage war without permission of the RomansAfter 201, the Romans have made severe inroads into Carthage’s powerCarthage could no longer compete as a Mediterranean powerHannibal became a Carthaginian statesmanHe got the Carthage state back on its feet after the defeatHe was appointed a consul/dictator not really sureEnacts unpopular reforms that angers wealthy Carthaginian peopleHannibal is afraid that the millionaires will hand Hannibal over to Rome for making them pay so much taxes so he takes offHannibal flees Carthage for East landed in BithyniaWages war on behalf of kingsEventually betrayedCommitted suicide (poison) when he was about to be handed over to the Romans 182 BCFunny story about HannibalFighting a war against a king and got his men to get big snakes and they would ram into ships and throw the poisonous snakes so they would jump offShows how clever he isHannibal is tracked down by the Romans and before they get to him he poisons himself which is noble of him because it would suck to be wimpy and get taken away and killed by RomansSpain after the 2nd Punic WarRome unsure what to do? Punish allies of Carthage?Spain is where the Punic Wars all startedCarthaginians led by Hannibal violated a treaty that said Carthage wouldn’t attack certain regions of Spain and would leave cities that were allied to Rome aloneSaguntum claimed they were allied with Rome but that claim was fishy, whether Hannibal was justified in the siege of SaguntumNot clear what approach Rome should have with Spain on whether to focus on Carthage or should it try to create settlements in Spain and take advantage of the natural resources that Carthage wantedWhat do they do with those allied to Hannibal?Rome didn’t have solid policy for dealing with conquered territoriesSettled war veterans there so if you fought nobly in the war Rome would give them big chunks of land and took the land away from people that were rebellious, encouraged intermarriage with local women, and institute a formal kind of government where they put two praetors in charge of the Spanish territoriesPretty resistant in efforts to Romanize and it cost Rome a lot of headaches but the payoff was the wealth in Spain from their mineralsRome in SpainSerious military conflicts with two native Spanish tribes, the Lusitanians (southwest coast) and the Celtiberians (northern parts of the border with France)Two very large Spanish ethnic groups that wanted nothing to do with the Romans and didn’t want to be Romanized, made the effort to settle Spain not a simple taskRome wanted to exploit the natural resources of Spain, Rome’s economic needs are growingMoneyFoodToolsSpain is a good place to get those resourcesSpain is an important place to get resources and it is the first place we see taxes being imposed on a conquered territoryAs Carthage had done, Rome exploited the vast natural resources of Spain to support its growing economic needs5% tax on grain or a fixed payment as a form of taxMining of silver and other minerals, using slavesCreation of Roman settlements, ongoing challenge for Romans, but they knew they needed to maintain SpainRoman Expansion after the Second Punic WarDid Rome have a grand Plan for world domination? Expansion seemed to happen ad hoc, Rome clearly had some imperialist visions, greatest period of growth in Rome’s historyNo clear efforts to establish a firm economic foundation to support the rising costs of governing distant territoriesRoman system of governance had to be adapted to the challenges of rapid growth by having a much more expansive bureaucracyMilitary garrisons maintained throughout Italy and abroad are really expensive, we are moving to a professional government sponsored