HST 102 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture II The Tumultuous Gilded Age A An era of contrasts and disruption III Farmland IV Citadels of Corruption a Railroads b Cities V Hard row VI The Grange VII Greenbackers VIII The Farmers Alliance IX Women in the Populist Movement a Mary Elizabeth Lease X Political Turn and Success XI Co Opted XII William Jennings Bryan and The Fall Outline of Current Lecture XIII Previously XIV Part 1 Jim Crow America a Four key Pillars XV Part 2 Woman s World XVI Part 3 Collisions Race Gender Citizenship XVII What does it all mean Current Lecture Lecture 1 27 15 The Nadir Race Gender Citizenship Previously o redemption and the anxieties over black Americans citizenship These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Reconstruction era amendments o A time of change disruption and protest Part 1 Jim Crow America o Race Reunion Redemption brings a return to home rule and states rights Systematic reassertion of white supremacy in law and custom By the 1890s develop Jim Crow segregation throughout the south Known as the nadir of American race relations nadir the lowest point Built upon four key pillars o Four Key Pillars 1 Economic control The southern economy is concerned with controlling their labor force Black workers are predominantly concentrated in agriculture and domestic service Various strategies emerge o Vagrancy laws proof of employment o Debt peonage no paycheck o Convict leasing use of prison labor o Sharecropping defraud out of payment 2 Social exclusion Formal and informal means are used to establish separate and inferior roles for black Americans Segregation in schools transportation public accommodations housing and nearly every aspect of life Supreme court strips protections in the Civil Rights Cases 1883 Plessy v Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal 3 Political Disfranchisement Restricting the vote o Property literacy qualifications o Poll taxes o Loopholes and exemptions grandfather clause o White primaries Tremendously effective o Black votes in Louisiana 1896 130 000 o State constitutional amendments restricting the vote 1898 o Black voters in Louisiana 1904 1300 90 reduction 4 Violence Upheld by extensive and unpunished violence Takes a variety of different forms o Race riots o Brutality by law enforcement o Murder o Sexual assault o Lynching Between the end of reconstruction and the civil rights movement of the 1960s only one white person is ever convicted of murdering a black person in the ensure former confederacy o Not Just the South But segregation and racial violence are not exclusively southern phenomena Extensive discrimination in the north and west Public accommodations Housing Employment Intensifies as black populations outside of the south begin to grow Part 2 Women s World o Conceptions of Womanhood cult of true Womanhood or cult of domesticity Traits of the proper 19th century woman Submissiveness and dependence Rooted in the home Guiding moral influence in the family Practitioners of moral and sexual restraint o Dependence Woman do not share full citizenship rights Politics was understood as a masculine sphere where women s participation is discouraged or prohibited Coverture The absence of an individual legal identity for women A women s legal identity is subsumed first by her father and then by her husband Limits property and contractual rights for much of the 19th century o A domestic Sphere An emphasis on the responsibilities of motherhood and home Expected to defer to men in public life occupy separate social circles Middle class women discouraged from working outside of the home o A moral influence Women are largely expected to be steadying or guiding moral influence Use this presumed role to advocate for greater political rights The home vote or the mother s vote Political participation as a means of achieving broader reform goals temperance school reform o Growing possibilities By the 1890s western states have begun full enfranchisement of women Intended to help promote women s migration Recognition of important roles in basic social and economic survival in the west Part 3 Collisions Race Gender and Citizenship o Gender race and Civilization Popular thought sees gender distinctions and separation as a defining feature of civilization and fitness for citizenship Casts women as dependents Casts racial minorities black Americans and native Americans as inferior or uncivilized o Building a civil rights movement In response to the abandonment undermining of the reconstruction amendments black Americans protest their treatment Black women play a critical role in early campaigns Ida B Wells Barnett and the anti lynching crusade Founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909 10 But many middle class black American communities embrace the restriction of women s roles as means of political uplift o Building a women s movement Black and white women increasing advocate for the franchise but often separately As the women s suffrage movement gains momentum in the 1890s it increasingly uses the language and logic of white supremacy White women s votes are depicted as the best way to protect against black men s political influence Some women and men embrace both racial and gender egalitarianism What does it all mean o Race and gender inequalities are deeply intertwined at the turn of the century o The boundaries of citizenship and rights are policed and exclusionary o Reform movements increasingly respond to disruption are inequality on various levels Women are often at the heart of reform efforts o Many of the movements that succeed do so because they embrace white supremacist ideals even while benefitting from organizing work of black Americans