HST 102 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture II. Previously….III. The American Frontiera. Coxey’s Army IV. An Expansionist HungerV. An Imperial Problem VI. Put Some Muscle into It!VII. AlohaVIII. Trouble down in CubaIX. Remember the MaineX. To Arms: The Spanish-American WarXI. Imperial Anxieties Part 1 & 2XII. A new DiplomacyXIII. Teddy XIV.CorollaryXV. Follow the MoneyOutline of Current Lecture XVI. PreviouslyXVII. Part 1: Urbanization XVIII. Part 2: Industrialization a. Taylorismb. Fordism XIX. Part 3: Immigration XX. Part 4: A Progressive Response Current LectureImmigration, Industrialization, and the American City - Previously…o Growth of big industry and the allure of American citieso Anxieties over political corruption and the perception of an American society These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o A weak, but persistent movement to organize laboro A widespread belief that protest and reform campaigns can change the nation - Part 1: Urbanization o The age of the city  Westward expansion is outpaced by growth of cities  1870 – 10 mill city residents 25% of the population  1900 – 30 mill city residents 40% of the population  1920 – 54 mill city residents 51% of the population o The evolving metropolis  City living becomes increasing modernized - Electricity- Mechanized transportation - Skyscrapers  A city’s swallow surrounded lands to expand  A world constantly in motion o More cities, more problems Rapid growth creates a new set of anxieties - A turn away from an agrarian society - The closed frontier and “over-civilization”- Poverty, crime, disease - Moral concerns: corruption and vice- Major cities have a high concentration of first and second generation immigrants Reform movements in the early 20th century will increasingly target cities - Part 2: Industrialization o Industrial growth The business boom of the Gilded Age continues into the 20th Century Urbanization and industrialization feed off of each other  The industrial workforce grows by almost 9mill laborers from 1870-1920 By 1913, the United States produces 1/3 of all industrial manufactures in the world An explosion of new technologies o Efficiency  As industrial production grows, businesses search for ways to be more efficient  “Taylorism”- Reduction of skilled work- Make workers interchangeable - Emphasis on mechanization wherever possible- Power and direction in the hands of managers “Fordism”- The moving assembly line - Emphasis on mass production - Encourages mass consumption o Exploitation  Working conditions governed by contract ideology  The decline of skilled work and the desire to cut costs leads employers to hire more women and children  By 1900, women are 17% of the industrial workforce, paid as little as $6-8a week  By 1900, nearly 2 mill children under the age of 15 are waged laborers - Part 3: Immigration o The new immigration  The size and sources of immigration shift dramatically after 1880  Transportation revolutions ease travel from Europe Population pressures and economic turmoil push Europeans out  English, Irish, and Germans had made up 60% of immigrants between 1860-1900o A tidal wave  American experiences an unprecedented volume of immigration - 23.5 mill immigrants from 1880-1920- 8.8 mill during the period from 1900-1909 alone - Feeds an explosion of urban populations o Origin story  After 1890, a majority of immigrants come from southern and eastern Europe  Increasingly diverse and unfamiliar to Americans:- Religion- Language- Ethnicity - Political radicalism  Often uninterested in assimilation, live in ethnically segregated enclaves Highly concentrated in presence of urban areas o Deep impact  Immigration has a powerful effect on American identity, culture, and society  By 1920, 1/3 of all Americans are foreign born or have one foreign born parent - Part 4: A Progressive Response o Urban Reform  Cities are an early target for reformers - Reform city gov’t to reduce corruption- Pursue public health campaigns- Establish playgrounds Embrace a “social gospel” that emphasizes volunteerism and charitable assistance Women take a leading role under the banner of “social housekeeping”o There is power in a union  Workers respond to the erosion of their authority  Union membership quadruples between 1897 and 1903. Legitimizes organized labor in new ways - 1920: AFL 4 million members, 5 million in Union  Some legislation to protect women and child laborers o Trust Busters At the federal level, economic reform concentrates on industrial monopolies  The size of businesses are seen as a threat to democracy and the economy: inefficient and abusive  Led by President Teddy Roosevelt  Expands power to investigate economic misdeeds and helps moderately increase regulation o Americanization  Based on the assumptions that American can absorb a limitless quantity of new citizens  Excludes those deemed as unassimilable – Asian immigrants  A gentler/optimistic approach to immigrants through reform  A variety of institutions make “Americanization” a key goal of their activities:- Settlement houses - Charities - Corporations o Settlement Houses Secular institutions in urban immigrant enclaves Run by social workers, typically young, college-educated women form America’s upper and middle classes Designed to provide an array of services to the communities they inhabit:- Employment bureaus- Emergency relief - Counseling- Social clubs - Education and medical care o Immigration: restriction Establish new restrictions on European immigration - 1917: literacy test, bars South Asian immigrants- 1921: creates quota, 3% of foreign born population per year basedon 1910 censes. Capped at 350,000- 1924: National Origins Act, 2% quota (1890 census), creates immigration visas, no restriction on Canada or Latin America o What does it mean? American undergoes rapid transformation  Conditions in cities and industries spur new anxieties A growing series of reform movements begin to shape the early 20th century: the Progressive Era - Desiring both more and less democracy - Rethinking the use of gov’t power, the precepts of Protestant faith, and the responsibilities of