HST 102 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 14Week 1- Civil War gives way to construction 1865-1876o President Lincoln liberated 10,000 slaves.  Sharecropping: the practice of tenant farming the landlord’s ground for a share of the crop, sold when the harvest came in. this became a common form of employment for former slaves in the post-Civil War South. - After emancipation, most blacks went to the north, causing a shortage on southern agricultural workers – which forced laborers to rethink contracts. - Owner and laborer split income. - Advantages for landlords = reduced their risk when cotton prices were low and encouraged workers to increase production without costly supervision - Advantages for workers = rewarded their hard work. Bigger the crop, more they earned. More independenceo Reconstructing the nation o Reconstructing the body politic  Who will be the citizens? - Presidential Reconstruction 1865o Andrew Johnson – southerner from Tennessee and democrat Seizes control over reconstruction in 1865 b/c Congress was out of session for six monthso Prioritizes Reunion: Johnson grants pardons to all white southerners w/ less than $20,000 in pre-war property and who were not confederate officers.  Nearly everyone got property and political rights back.  Troubled northerners and African Americans - Radical Reconstruction 1867-76o Congress takes control of reconstruction after 1866 elections. Attempted to take control and prioritize remaking the nation’s citizenry. o Johnson vetoes nearly every early effects to provide rights to AA, republicans don’t like this. o Anti-Johnson Republicans adopt the Reconstruction Act in 1867 – divides the south into military districts and replaces existing gov’t o 1868, Ulysses S. Grant replaces Johnson - New Laws o 13th Amendment 1865 – prohibits slavery and involuntary service o 14th Amendment 1868 – confers citizenship on all people born in the US o 15th Amendment 1870 – the right to vote, excludes black and white women. - Radical Reconstruction brings changes to southern life. o Republican take control of southern gov’t o African American’s begin participating in politics o Carpet Baggers – northern born citizens come to the south and take leadership roles. Seen as the lowest of northern society.o African Americans did not want to work as farm laborers, instead establish their own land and homes Freedman’s Bureau – branch of US Army established by congress. Provided emergency relief to whites and blacks – mostly freed slaves. - Reconstruction Enforcement o Sustained by military occupation and federal investment. o Union troops divided south into 5 military districts. o New legislative efforts in the 1870s Civil Rights Act of 1875 – attempts to establish social equality, outlaws discrimination in public accommodations  Enforcement Acts – extending Presidential authority to stop voter intimidation. - Reconstruction Endso Starts to weaken by the mid-1870s.o Compromise of 1877 – installs Rutherford B. Hayes as president and ends military occupation in the South. Very close election with democrat Samuel Tilden, a lot of voter fraud.  Rutherford B. Hayes – ends military occupation in the south, ends reconstruction. - Who killed reconstruction?o Southern Democrats – clings to white supremacy, win the propaganda battle. o Ulysses S. Grant – lacked long-term policy for reconstruction, Grant’s administration ran into ethical difficultieso Economy – massive economic panic in 1873, economic depression. Public was mostly concerned about money, not reconstruction.o Violence – Colfax Massacre, KKK gains strength. o Supreme Court – left to interpret meaning of the Reconstruction Amendments’ protectionso Northerners. Week 2 Post-Civil War America/the Gilded Age - The end of the Civil War brought spurs of dislocation and disruption o Brought significant changes to the American economy: Infrastructure, banking, land use. - Transcontinental Railroad is finished in 1869o One of the most powerful forces that transformed American society. o Federal subsidies o Economic growth and financial speculation. - Corruption o Many American businesses, mostly railroads, are corrupt. o Panic of 1873 – triggered by the collapse of Jay Cooke’s investment bank  Businesses collapse, by 1876 unemployment is 14% o The rise of big businesses led Americans to believe the gov’t should be regulatingmoney. o Greenbackers –  Who - people who supported the printing or paper money “greenbacks” What – In order to support the Union, gov’t printed more paper money. Redemption of federal debt w/ paper money. As the economy worsened, the gov’t kept printing more paper money.  Where – America Why – in order to inflate the economy and issue paper money as permanent legal tender o Crime if 1873/Coinage Act of 1873  Ends the coinage and use of silver as currency, leads to deflation (lower prices) Bad for farmers and those in debt. - Declining wages and hardship leads to discontent o Great Railroad Strike of 1877 – response to wage cuts, President Hayes orders troops to intervene, causes violence o Great Upheaval of 1886 – massive railroad strikes  Who – the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, anyone from self-employed farmers to unskilled factory workers. Men, women, black and white, skilled and unskilled workers, not open to Chinese.  What - advocated work reforms, like 8 hour days, equal pay for men andwomen.  When – the Gilded Age, post-Civil War America  Where – began in Philadelphia  Significance – the Knights grew so large their presence became almost militant. A nationwide strike culminated – workers from across the country walked on strike. The Chicago Strike lead 80,000 workers, which began as largely peaceful, ended violently. An anonymous person througha bomb into a crowd of policemen. Gov’t blamed the bomb on a group of anarchists, naming it the Haymarket Riot. This was a turning point in American labor politics, the Knights never recovered from the Haymarket disaster. - Race, Nation, and Hard Times o Railroads spur westward expansion and increasing conflict with indigenous people. o Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 – the most important Indian legislation in the century.  Who – Native Americans  What – reservation land was broken up into separate plots and distributed among individual families. 