HST 102 1nd Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture II. Turmoil III. Part 1: Voices of Protest IV. Part 2: The Second New Deal V. Part 3: Critics and Coalitions VI. Part 4: End of the Line VII. What does it all mean?Outline of Current Lecture VIII. PreviouslyIX. Part 1 – Isolationism and Escalation a. Hitler and Mussolini X. Part 2 – Rumblings of War a. 1940 Election b. Lend Lease Act XI. Part 3 – Pass the Ammunition a. Atlantic Charterb. Pearl Harbor Current LectureLecture 3/3/15The Coming of War - Previouslyo World War 1 – reluctance to go to war, strong reservations about internationalentanglements. o Great Depression and New Deal – domestic focus, economic issues predominate. - Part 1: o Beyond Our Borders  Japan adopts an expansionist military agenda. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Sino-Japanese War begins in 1931 when Japan invades the Chineseprovince of Manchuria  But Japan remains a valuable trade partner for the United States o The Rise and Reign of Fascism  Growing Fascist regimes in Germany and Italy  Germany: led by Adolf Hitler, fueled by resentment over peace terms inWorld War 1, increasingly aggressive military stance.  Italy: led by Benito Mussolini, invade Ethiopia in 1935. - By 1936 Germany and Italy formally align. o An Isolationist Response  A majority of Americans demand a purely domestic focus for theirpolitical agenda  Widespread belief that World War 1 was a long-term failure and theresult of manipulation by bankers and businesses  Congress passes several “Neutrality Acts” from 1935-39. - Restricts American travel, they don’t want a repeat of theLusitania - Restrict on loaning credit to other countries- Establish Cash and Carry provisions on nonmilitary goods –countries could not buy food w/ credit and they had to providetheir own travel. o Escalation  By 1937-38 international warfare is growing Japan – - In summer of 1937 launch massive invasion of Chinese provinces- December 1937 sink a US gunboat in the Yangtze River. o FDR was convinced by Isolationists to accept the Japaneseapologies and believe it was an accident Germany –- In 1938, Hitler conquers Austria and annexes part ofCzechoslovakia.- In 1939, Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and conquersPoland.  War formally begins in 1939.  In 1940, Germany has taken most of Europe and formed the Axis Powersw/ Japan and Italy.o American First  By 1940, America is drawing closer to engaging in the conflict.  Prominent isolationists organize the America First Committee. - Designing to advocate against warfare. - Significant and anti-Semitic element. - Part 2: Rumblings of Waro Off the Sidelines? FDR begins to position the country for greater involvement in Europe andshifts focus from the economy to military readiness.  Begin appropriating money for military construction programs.  FDR takes additional steps to provide military aid to Britain. o 1940 Election  In 1940, FDR makes the decision to run for a 3rd term.  Opposed by moderate Republican Wendell Willkie. - Supports most of New Deal programs and FDR’s beliefs.  Similar political platforms.  FDR wins w/ a smaller margin of victory, but still a substantial one.  Further escalates preparations for war. o Arsenal of Democracy  Fireside chat in December 1940, FDR proclaims the US as the “Arsenal ofDemocracy” Defense budget increases 10x from 1940-41.  Massive federal spending causes the unemployment rate to drop. - Dropped 5%, eventually drops into single digits – the first time inmore than a dacade Spurs economic recovery. o Lend-Lease By December 1940, GB is nearly bankrupt and can no longer purchasearms.  In 1941, FDR initiates the “Lend-Lease” policy, allowing GB to borrowmilitary supplies - Some believed this guaranteed what would lead the US to war.  Ties the US more firmly to Britain and sets the stage for an inevitableentry into the war.  Seen by many as the end of the Post-WW1 isolationist thrust of Americanforeign policy. - Two decades of remaining out of international affairs ends 1941, US freeze Japanese assets and cuts off oil supplies o Building an Army  In the 1939, the US Army had 175,000 men – small.  FDR institutes the first peace-time draft in American history in thesummer of 1940.  1.4 mill men are inducted by the summer of 1941 – US begins building anArmy before they are even in war. - Part 3: Pass the Ammunition o A war of Ideals  FDR sets the tone for what is at stake.  Frames the conflict as one over the future of democracy in the world.  Totalitarianism vs. Freedom  Establishes some broad principles for American internationalismo Four freedoms  FDR’s 1942 State of the Union Address includes a statement of FourFreedoms- Freedom of speech, worship, from want, and from fear.o Atlantic Charter A series of meetings between American and British officials in 1941 laysthe groundwork for American entry into war.  In august 1941, FDR meets with British PM Winston Churchill.  Create the Atlantic Charter- Statement of common principles and objectives. - Pledge to protect principles of self-determination, free trade, andnon-aggression. o “A Day That Will Live in Infamy…” December 7th, 1941 Japanese planes launch a surprise attack on the navalbase at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii – the first attack on US soil since 1812 Massive loss of life, more than 2,000 dead.  Japan simultaneously bombs American bases in the Philippines, Guam,and Wake Island. - Didn’t believe the Japanese were capable of launching an attackthis far – racial superiority. o To war  Days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declare war on the US- 3 reasons o 1. Naval warfare existed unofficially for a long timeo 2. Hitler believed the racial superiority of the Germanypeople could not loseo 3. Hitler believed America would be preoccupied withJapan so Germany could attack US.  America is now in the middle of a massive war on two fronts.- Churchill began to fully believe American involvement wouldguarantee the Allies a