HST 102 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture II. Previously….III. Part 1: Jim Crow Americaa. Four key PillarsIV. Part 2: Woman’s World V. Part 3: Collisions – Race, Gender, Citizenship VI. What does it all mean?Outline of Current Lecture VII. Previously….VIII. The American Frontiera. Coxey’s Army IX. An Expansionist HungerX. An Imperial Problem XI. Put Some Muscle into It!XII. AlohaXIII. Trouble down in CubaXIV.Remember the MaineXV. To Arms: The Spanish-American WarXVI. Imperial Anxieties Part 1 & 2XVII. A new DiplomacyXVIII. Teddy XIX. CorollaryXX. Follow the Money Current LectureThe Nadir: Race, Gender, Citizenship- Previously o “redemption” and the anxieties over black Americans’ citizenshipo Reconstruction era amendmentso A time of change, disruption, and protest. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Part 1: Jim Crow America o Race & Reunion  Redemption brings a return to “home rule” and states’ rights  Systematic reassertion of white supremacy in law and custom  By the 1890s, develop “Jim Crow” segregation throughout the south Known as the nadir of American race relations - “nadir” = the lowest point  Built upon four key pillars o Four Key Pillars  1. Economic control - The southern economy is concerned with controlling their labor force- Black workers are predominantly concentrated in agriculture and domestic service - Various strategies emerge:o Vagrancy laws – proof of employment o Debt peonage – no paycheck o Convict leasing – use of prison labor o Sharecropping – defraud out of payment  2. Social exclusion - Formal and informal means are used to establish separate and inferior roles for black Americans - Segregation in schools, transportation, public accommodations, housing, and nearly every aspect of life - Supreme court strips protections in the Civil Rights Cases 1883- Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 – Separate but equal  3. Political Disfranchisement - Restricting the vote:o Property & literacy qualificationso Poll taxeso Loopholes and exemptions (grandfather clause)o White primaries - Tremendously effective:o Black votes in Louisiana 1896 – 130,000o State constitutional amendments restricting the vote 1898 o Black voters in Louisiana 1904 – 1300  90% reduction  4. Violence - Upheld by extensive and unpunished violence - Takes a variety of different forms o Race riots o Brutality by law enforcement o Murdero Sexual assault o Lynching - Between the end of reconstruction and the civil rights movement of the 1960s, only one white person is ever convicted of murdering a black person in the ensure former confederacy. o Not Just the South  But segregation and racial violence are not exclusively southern phenomena  Extensive discrimination in the north and west:- Public accommodations - Housing - Employment Intensifies as black populations outside of the south begin to grow - Part 2: Women’s World o Conceptions of Womanhood  “cult of true Womanhood” or “cult of domesticity” Traits of the “proper” 19th century woman:- Submissiveness and dependence- Rooted in the home- Guiding moral influence in the family - Practitioners of moral and sexual restraint o Dependence  Woman do not share full citizenship rights  Politics was understood as a masculine sphere where women’s participation is discouraged or prohibited  Coverture:- The absence of an individual legal identity for women - A women’s legal identity is subsumed first by her father and then by her husband - Limits property and contractual rights for much of the 19th centuryo A domestic Sphere  An emphasis on the responsibilities of motherhood and home.  Expected to defer to men in public life, occupy separate social circles.  Middle-class women discouraged from working outside of the home. o A moral influence  Women are largely expected to be steadying or guiding moral influence Use this presumed role to advocate for greater political rights - The home vote or the mother’s vote- Political participation as a means of achieving broader reform goals (temperance, school reform)o Growing possibilities  By the 1890s, western states have begun full enfranchisement of women  Intended to help promote women’s migration  Recognition of important roles in basic social and economic survival in thewest. - Part 3: Collisions – Race, Gender, and Citizenship o Gender, race, and Civilization  Popular thought sees gender distinctions and separation as a defining feature of civilization and fitness for citizenship - Casts women as dependents - Casts racial minorities (black Americans and native Americans) as inferior or “uncivilized”o Building a civil rights movement  In response to the abandonment/undermining of the reconstruction amendments, black Americans protest their treatment  Black women play a critical role in early campaigns - Ida B. Wells-Barnett and the anti-lynching crusade  Founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909/10 But many middle class black American communities, embrace the restriction of women’s roles as means of political uplift. o Building a women’s movement  Black and white women increasing advocate for the franchise, but often separately  As the women’s suffrage movement gains momentum in the 1890s, it increasingly uses the language and logic of white supremacy  White women’s votes are depicted as the best way to protect against black men’s political influence Some women and men embrace both racial and gender egalitarianism - What does it all mean?o Race and gender inequalities are deeply intertwined at the turn of the century o The boundaries of citizenship and rights are policed and exclusionary o Reform movements increasingly respond to disruption are inequality on various levels. Women are often at the heart of reform effortso Many of the movements that succeed do so because they embrace white supremacist ideals, even while benefitting from organizing work of black Americans Taking an Empire: American and the World at the Turn of the Century - Previously on American Since 1865o Rapid westward expansion and settlemento A growing industrial manufacturing powero Deep inequalities and anxieties within American society o A series of weak