Psych 2510 – Trull Chapter 13: Developmental and Disruptive Behavior DisordersWhat are Developmental Disorders?- Developmental disorders involve delay in normal maturity, especially with respect to intellect, cognition, learning, and methods of self-care.Intellectual Disability- Previously: mental retardation- 3 main features:o Poor cognitive development EX: IQ <70o Impairment in adaptive functioning Communication Self-care  hygiene  Home living  EX: chores  Social  do not relate to peers their age  Academic  Health Safety  EX: get in car with stranger, don’t look before crossing street o Onset usually before age 18 Autism Spectrum Disorder- 3 sets of symptomso Impairment in social interaction Lack of eye contact No emotional reciprocityo Impairment in communication Lack of speech Trouble conversing Delay in languageo Repetitive, stereotyped behavior patterns Preoccupation Inflexible adherence to non-functional routines  very ridged  Self-stimulatory behavior movement without purpose - Asperger’s Disordero Previously diagnosed separately from Autism Impairment in social interaction- Lack of eye contact- No emotional reciprocity But, no major deficits in language, cognitive development, or adaptive functioning May be able to function more independently than these with more severe autism, intellectual disability Learning Disorders- Developmental disorder that is more limited in scope- Poor school achievement in reading, math, written expression despite intellectual capability- IQ test and achievement tests giveno Look for discrepancies Epidemiology of Developmental Disorders- Intellectual: 1.04%1Psych 2510 – Trull - Autism: 6.2 per 10,000- Asperger’s: 3.6-7.1 per 1,000- Learning disorders: 7.2%- Mental retardation: common form of developmental disorder involving early deficits in cognitive ability and adaptive functioning- Autism: a pervasive developmental disorder involving severe impairments in social interaction and communication as well as bizarre behavior patterns. - Other pervasive developmental disorders include Asperger’s disorder, which is similar in some ways to autism, as wellas Rett’s and childhood disintegrative disorders, which involve periods of normal development followed by regression. - Learning disorders are limited developmental disorders involving deficits in a subject like reading, math, spelling, or writing. - Mental retardation appears more common in less developed than wealthier nations and among people of low socioeconomic status.Causes and Prevention of Developmental Disorders - Biological risk factors:o Genetic contributions Fragile X syndrome PKU Sickle cell diseaseo Heritability o Chromosomal aberrations Down syndrome o Prenatal teratogens Alcohol o Perinatal problems Anorexia Hypoxia o Induction and migration brain defects- Environmental risk factors:o Mainly implicated for mild cases o Family variables  Poor language stimulation  Neglect of educational needs  Inconsistent parenting o Traumatic brain injury- Biological and environmental risk factors can create brain changes that impair cognition and ability to live an independent life- Preventing developmental disorders:o Genetic testing and counselingo Prenatal careo Newborn screeningo Early medical care for babieso Accident preventiono Delivering educational services to at-risk children and parentsAssessment for Developmental Disorders - Cognitive assessment o Intelligence  IQ o Neuropsychologicalo Achievement testso Interviews and rating scales for people with developmental disorders2Psych 2510 – Trull  Cover current functioning as well as needs, support systems, and behavior problems- Direct observationo Often used to assess frequency and severity of problem behaviorso Can also be used to examine adaptive and academic behaviors - Medications o Used for explosive behaviors, seizures, and symptoms of comorbid problems o Examples  Sedative medications Neuroleptic medications- Psychological treatment o Attention and language trainingo Socialization training  teaching children to use eye-contact, not to hit otherso Self-care skills training  hygiene o Academic skills training  tutoring o Addressing problem behaviors  token economy in classrooms, pro-social behaviorTreatments for Developmental Disorders - Time-out- Token economy- Differential reinforcement of incompatible or other behavior- Restitution and practice positive overcorrection- Punishment- Long-term functioning o Difficulto About 80-90% with sever developmental disorders will continue to have poor outcomes with respect to Social behavior Intellectual functioning Independenceo Less severe autism  social awkwardnesso Learning disability problems may persist into adulthood o Good prognostic signs: Early language and intervention Higher intelligence Less severe disorder and neurological impairment Disruptive Behavior Disorders- Many children may be described as rambunctious, but some have disruptive behavior disorders involving inattention, impulsivity, over-activity, aggression, and noncompliance. Attentive Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- Inattention – often:o Fails to give close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities o Has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or in play activities o Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly o Does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in workplaceo Has difficulty organizing tasks and activitieso Avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort o Loses things necessary for tasks or activities3Psych 2510 – Trull o Easily distracted by extraneous stimulio Is forgetful in daily activities- Hyperactivity or impulsivity o Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seato Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expectedo Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriateo Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietlyo Is often “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor”o Often talks excessivelyo Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completedo Often has difficulty waiting his or her turno Often interrupts or intrudes on othersOppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)- Often loses temper- Often argues with adults-