Exam 1 – Psych 2510 (Trull) Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1: Objectives: - Understand key terms related to abnormal psychology, including mental disorder.- Understand key criteria used to determine if an emotion, thought, or behavior is abnormal.- Understand the concept of a dimensional approach to mental disorder.- Know the history of abnormal psychology from early perspectives to contemporary thought.- Understand key themes of the textbook to be discussed in subsequent chapters: dimensional perspective, prevention perspective, consumer perspective, and stigma.Other issues to address/study:- What is psychopathology?- What is the relationship between abnormal behavior and mental illness?- What are the major criteria for abnormal behavior, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of each definition?- What are the major dimensions or indicators of psychopathology?- How prevalent are mental disorders?- What were the early theories about the causes of (etiology of) abnormal behavior or mental disorder?- What led to the rise of moral therapy or the mental hygiene movement in the US?- What are the three types of prevention?- What are the different types of stigma?1Exam 1 – Psych 2510 (Trull) 2Abnormal psychologyThe scientific study of troublesome feelings, thoughts, and behaviors associated with mental disorders to better understand and predict mental disorder and help those who are in distress.Asylums Places reserved to exclusively treat people with mental disorder, usually separate from the general population.Maladaptive behaviorA behavior that interferes with a person’s life, including ability to care for oneself, have good relationships with others, and function well at school or at work.Mental disorder A group of emotional (feelings), cognitive (thinking), or behavioral symptoms that cause distress or significant problemsMental hygiene The science of promoting mental health and thwarting mental disorder through education, early treatment, and public health measures.Primary prevention A type of prevention targeting large groups of people who have not yet developed a mental disorderPsychopathologistsProfessionals who study mental problems to see how disorders develop and continue and how they can be prevented or alleviated psychopathyPublic health modelA model that focuses on promoting good health and good health practices to avertdiseaseSecondary preventionA type of prevention that addresses emerging problems while they are still manageable and before they become resistant to intervention.Stigma A characterization by others of disgrace or reproach based on an individual characteristic.Tertiary prevention A type of prevention aimed to reduce the severity, duration, and negative effects ofa mental disorder after it has occurredExam 1 – Psych 2510 (Trull) Chapter 2: Objectives: - Understand the concept of model/perspective and how it applies to abnormal psychology.- Understand the biological model of abnormal psychology, including genetics, nervous systems and neurons, the brain, and biological assessment and treatment.- Understand the psychodynamic model of abnormal psychology, including the Freudian model and psychodynamic assessment and treatment.- Understand the humanistic model of abnormal psychology, including the theories of Maslow, Rogers, and May as well as humanistic assessment and treatment.- Understand the cognitive-behavioral model of abnormal psychology, including learning and cognitiveprinciples and cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment.- Understand the sociocultural model of abnormal psychology, including effects of culture, gender, neighborhood and communities, and family as well as sociocultural assessment and treatment.Other issues:- Difference between a genotype and a phenotype- Gene-environment interaction Gene-environment correlation (reciprocal gene-environment effect)- Major neurotransmitter systems and what they do (their function)- Lobes of cerebral cortex; limbic system- Relationships between id, ego, and superego- Types of anxiety and defense mechanisms- Different types of learning (classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling)- Cognitive principles- Avoidance conditioning- What is culture and what are three ways it can influence psychopathology?- Evaluation (strengths and weaknesses) of each model of psychopathology3Exam 1 – Psych 2510 (Trull) 4Avoidance conditioningA theory of fear development that combines classical and operant conditioning with internal states such as driving or motivating factors.Basal ganglia Brain structures that control posture and motor activity.Behavior genetics A research specialty that evaluates genetic and environmental influences on development of behavior.Behavioral perspectiveA perspective of abnormal behavior that assumes that problematic symptoms develop because of the way we learn or observe others.Biological model A perspective of mental disorder that assumes that mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise from brain function and processes.Central nervous systemThe brain and spinal cord, which are necessary to process information from our sensory organs and prompt our body into action if necessary.Cerebral cortex Gray matter of the brain that covers almost all of each hemisphere.Classical conditioningPairing of an unconditioned stimulus so the future presentation of a conditioned stimulus results in a conditioned response.Client-centered therapyA humanistic therapy that relies heavily on unconditional positive regard and empathy.Cognitive distortionsIrrational, inaccurate thoughts that people have about environmental events.Cognitive perspectiveA perspective of abnormal behavior that assumes that problematic symptoms develop because of the way we perceive and think about our present and past experiences.Cognitive schema Set of beliefs or expectations that represent a network of already accumulated knowledge.Cognitive-behavioral therapyA type of treatment that focuses on the connection between thinking patterns, emotions, and behavior and uses cognitive and behavioral techniques to change dysfunctional thinking patterns.Conditional positive regardAn environment in which others set conditions or standards for one’s life.Culture The unique behavior and lifestyle shared by a group of people.Culture-bound syndromesSyndromes caused by culturally shared beliefs and ideas that lead to high levels of stress and mental disorder.Defense mechanismsStrategies used by the ego to stave off threats