BIOL 251 1st EditionFinal Exam Guide Lectures: 1-25Exam 1 Material o Cells specialized for contraction & force generation from which type of primary tissue? - muscle tissueo which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex? - cells, tissues, organs, organ systemso Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? - When a person stands up, blood pressure decreases due to blood pooling in the feet and legs. The heart and blood vessels respond in such a way as to bring blood pressure back toward normal.o Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body ________. - maintains a constant internal environmento The _____ is involved in the synthesis of proteins. - rough endoplasmic reticulumo Which of the following filaments is the dominant component of cilia and flagella?- microtubuleso Metabolic pathway(s) that produce ATP only in the presence of oxygen is (are) - Krebs cycle & oxidative phosphorylationo Metabolic pathway(s) that transform high energy electrons into ATP is (are) - oxidative phosphorylationo The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane has - polar heads on outside and non-polar tails on inside of bilayero Which of the following can move a substance against its concentration gradient? - active transporto Which of the following statements about osmosis is true? - water will diffuse from high water concentration to low water concentration, just like solutes doo Imagine an experimental situation in which a cell contains only D+ and G- ions in equalo amounts, only has channels that allow D+ to cross the membrane, and is in a solutiono containing no ions. Initially, D+ will diffuse ____ the cell, going down its _____ gradient;o ultimately at equilibrium the net diffusion of D+ will ____ because of the _____ gradient. - out of; concentration; stop; electricalo What is not true of a membrane that is at resting potential - passive movement of Na+ out of, and passive movement of K+ into the cello Mylenation of a neuron increases conduction speed of an action potential by - allowing action potentials to jump between Nodes of Ranvier instead of traveling along every part of the membraneo During which of the following states are the majority of voltage-gated sodium channelso closed and incapable of opening. - during the absolute refractory periodo Multiple rapid firings of a single excitatory presynaptic neuron can cause - temporal summationo Tetanus toxin prevents the release of _____ from ______ presnyaptic inputs that terminate ono motor neurons; this results in muscles that can not ________. - GABA; inhibitory;relaxo Disease caused by lack of Cl- channels in exocrine gland cells. - cystic fibrosiso Tetanus toxin prevents the release of ____ from __ presynaptic inputs that terminate on ___. - GABA; inhibitory; motor neuronso Synaptic vesicles store ________. - neurotransmittero Total body water is composed of ________. - ICF & ECFo What does NOT directly determine the rate at which an ion will move passivelyo across a membrane? - amount of ATP availableo Restoration of ion concentrations after an action potential occurs by - the Na+-K+-ATPase pumpo What is incorrectly describes the tissue type? - Connective tissue is specialized for exchange between the internal and external environments.o The potassium equilibrium potential is -94 mV. What does this means? - at -94 mV, the concentration gradient for potassium movement is opposed exactly by the electrical gradiento In terms of energy production, the Krebs cycle is significant because it ________. - reduces the coenzymes NAD and FAD for oxidative phosphorylationo Which of the following is (are) dominant component(s) of cilia and flagella? - microfilaments and intermediate filamentso Which of the following components of the plasma membrane form ion channels?- proteinso Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility (i.e., are lipophilic) are capable of crossing theo membrane ________. - directly across the lipid bilayero Voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon terminal open in response to which of the following? - arrival of an action potential at the axon terminalo In facilitated diffusion, ________. - a molecule is moved down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is requiredo A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more positive, is referred to as ao ________. - Depolarizationo The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid ________. - opening of sodium channelso What type of ion channels are necessary for the function of the axon and the axon terminal? - voltage-gatedo A membrane permeable to water separates a chamber into two compartments: A and B. Compartment A contains a 10 mM solution of non-permeating solute, whereas compartment B contains a 40 mM solution of non-permeating solute. Which of the following statements is true? - Water will move from side A to B, but solute will not moveo What is a change in the postsynaptic potential that brings membrane potential closer to thresholdo called? - excitatory postsynaptic potentialo The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor at an inhibitory synapse can lead to the ________ ofo ________ channels. - opening : potassiumo At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to ________, which moveso ________ the cell due to its electrochemical gradient. - potassium : out ofo When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron, it causes _____ channelso to open and this ion ______ the presynpatic neuron. - Ca++, enterso which in turn cause the release of _____ from synaptic vesicles into the synapse, - neurotransmitterso which when binding to receptors on the membrane of an excitatory postsynaptic neuron causes - the membrane to depolarize a little & a net movement of positive ions into the cello The repolarization phase of action potentials in neurons is due primarily to _____. - potassium flow out of the cello Which of the following statements is FALSE? - Graded potentials and action potentials are all-or-none.o Between two which fluid compartments is exchange of water and ions virtually unrestricted? - interstitial fluid and plasmao Which of the following would have a greater electrical attraction for sodium ions to enter the cell? - cell with membrane potential = -90 mVo The ______ digest cellular debris and foreign