BIO 251 1nd Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Membrane potentialII. Action potentialsIII. Neuron and the conduction of action potentialsIV. Graded PotentialOutline of Current Lecture I. ParkinsonsII. Organization of nervous system a. CNSb. PNSIII. 3 classes of neuronsa. Afferent b. Efferent c. InterneuronsIV. The brain: gross structurea. Brain stemb. Cerebellumc. Hypothalamusd. Thalamuse. Cerebellum f. Limbic systemThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture-Parkinson's symptomsoTremorsoRigidityoDifficulty movingoImpairment of memory and thinkingoAffects 1% of population over age 60oCauses-Poorly known-Parkinson's mechanismoDestroys dopamine secreting cells in the brain stemoAxon terminals from these cells are in the basal nucleioLack of dopamine means neurons in basal nuclei not getting messages they need, so become non-functional -Organizations of a nervous systemoCNS (integrates/issues info)-Brain -Spinal cordoPNS-Afferent division (sends info to CNS)-Efferent division (receives info from CNS)-Somatic nervous system -Autonomic nervous system -Sympathetic nervous system -Parasympathic nervous system-Three classes of neurons (fig 7.4)oAfferent neurons-Have sensory receptors-Axon terminals in CNS-Send info in CNSoEfferent neurons-Cell body in CNS-Axon terminals in effector organ-Send info from CNS to body oInterneurons-Lie within CNS-Some connect afferent neurons & efferent neurons-Integrate peripheral responses & peripheral info-Some connect with interneurons-Responsible for activity of the mind (thoughts, emotions, motivation)-99% of all neurons are interneuronsThe Brain: Gross structure & associated functions (9.11)-Brain stemoCritical connecting link between entire brain & spinal cordoCardiovascular, respiratory, digestive controloRegulation of muscle reflexes (equilibrium & posture)oReception & integration of spinal cord input (arousal & activation of cerebral cortex)oSleep/wake cycle-CerebellumoMaintenance of balanceoEnhancement of muscle toneoCoordination of voluntary muscle activity -HypothalamusoRegulation of many homeostatic functions & associated behaviors-Body temp-Thirst & urine output-Food intake-Uterine contraction & milk productionoLink between nervous system & endocrine systems-Smooth & cardiac muscle control-Exocrine gland controloInvolved in emotion and basic behavior patterns-ThalamusoRelay station & filter for all input to cerebral cortexoCrude awareness of sensationoSome degree of consciousnessoRole in motor control-CerebrumoBasal nuclei-Inhibition of muscle tone-Coordination of slow sustained movement-Suppression of useless movement patternsoCerebral cortex-Sensory perception-Voluntary control of movement-Language-Personality-Consciousness & sophisticated mental events (thinking, memory, ect.)-Limbic system (9.17)oNot separate structureoIncludes interconnected portions of -Cerebral cortex-Basal nuclei-Thalamus-HypothalamusoInvolved in generating
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