BIOL 251 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 6-What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? oskeletal, smooth, cardiac -What is an example of negative feedback? oWhen a person stands up, blood pressure decreases due to blood pooling in the feet andlegs. The heart and blood vessels respond in such a way as to bring blood pressure back toward normal -The fluid bathing the cells is called oInterstitial fluid -Define homeostasis. oKeeping the internal environment constant. -Proteins are produced by the __________, are packaged inside transport vesicles in the ________________, and are processed into final form once they reach the ___. oRER, SER, Golgi complex -The metabolic pathway that produces ATP in the absence of oxygen is _____. oGylcolysis -What factors affect the permeability of a molecule across a membrane? osize; charge or polarity -What kind of cell junction is impermeable? otight junction -The following shows water and solute molecules distributed on two sides of a membrane that is permeable to solute and water. In which direction(s) and of what molecule(s) will be the net movement? o(10 water molecules, 4 solute molecules) || (10 water molecules, 8 solute molecules) solute right to left -The unmylenated portions of the axon are called __ and are the only places beyond the axonhillock where _____ occur. oNodes of fancier, action potentials -What is the GPSP (Grand Post Synaptic Potential)?o the sum of all EPSP and IPSP -In a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV (choose all that are true):oNa+ is passively leaking in, K+ is passively leaking out, and the Na+-K+-ATPase pump balances the passive leaking of ions -What represents the distribution of ions in the ECF and ICF? oNa+ high in ECF, K+ high in ICF, A- high in ICF -Spatial summation at a postsynaptic neuron is caused byoSimultaneous excitatory firings from multiple presynaptic neurons -Temporal summation at a postsnypatic neuron is caused by oMultiple rapid excitatory firings of a single presynaptic neuron -Voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon terminal open in response to what?oarrival of an action potential at the axon terminal -Synaptic vesicles store ________oNeurotransmitter -What are two extracellular fluid compartments of the body?oInterstitial fluid & plasma -Cells specialized for the exchange of material with the environment form which primary tissue type?oEpithelial tissue -PolaroUnequal charge distribution -HydrophilicoWater loving=polar=electrical charge=lipophobic=fat hating (e.g., ions such as Na+ K+ and Cl-) -HydrophobicoWater hating=nonpolar=electrically neutral=lipophilic=fat loving (e.g., ethanol, oxygen) -CocaineoCompetitively binds with protein transporter that removes dopamine from synaptic cleftoDopamine is in synaptic cleft too long, continues interact with post synaptic binding sitesoProlonged activation of neural pathways -Tetanus ToxinoPrevents release of GABA from inhibitory presynaptic inputs that terminate on skeletal muscle neuronsoExcitatory pathways unchecked (i.e., no IPSPs going into GPSP)oUncontrolled muscle spasms-Lockjaw, when respiratory muscles affected, death-Tay Sachs DiseaseoFatal genetic disorder--single gene malfunction oCaused by the accumulation of a fatty ganglioside in the nerve cells in the brain because of a single enzyme deficiency inside lysosomeoInfants develop normally for a few monthsoAs nerve cells fill with fat, mental and physical abilities deteriorate because electric currents not propagated properlyoChild become blind, deaf, and unable to swallowoMuscles atrophy and paralysis ensuesoDeath by age 5---no cure -Multiple Sclerosis oAutoimmune destruction of myelin oSlows transmission of nerve impulses oAxon scarred and badly damagedoNo known causesoProbably not genetic, but environmental or G x E interaction oMore prevalent in people of Caucasian ancestry although other population also have itoIt affects twice as many women as menoGeographically it is more common the further you are from tropicsoPeople living on the coast are less likely to develop MS -Myelin acts as a ____?oFat on electrical wire -Parkinson's symptomsoTremorsoRigidityoDifficulty movingoImpairment of memory and thinkingoAffects 1% of population over age 60oCauses-Poorly known -Parkinson's mechanismoDestroys dopamine secreting cells in the brain stemoAxon terminals from these cells are in the basal nucleioLack of dopamine means neurons in basal nuclei not getting messages they need, so become non-functional -NeuronsoTransmit info throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals oPolarized inside is neg charged (-70 mvs)-resting membrane potential -Absolute refractory periodoNo action potential no matter the intensity of the stimulus-Na channels are inactivated-Relative Refractory periodoAction potential only with intense stimuli-K channels open -Osmosis oDiffusion of water, water moves freely through membranes -Polar molecules if small enough can pass through cell membranes via what 3 things?oPores, channels, membrane carriers -Greater the ____, the ____ diffusionoMolecular weight, slower -____ concentration gradient, the faster ____oGreater,