BIOL 251 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6-11-What is the primary function of glial cells?oSupport of CNS neurons-What are the two main parts of the efferent nervous system?oSomatic and autonomic-What are the 2 main divisions of the autonomic nervous systemoSympathetic & parasympathetic -Name the area of the brain mainly responsible for controlling each of the following functionsoIntegration of spinal cord input: brain stemoMaintenance of balance: cerebellum oSensory perception: cerebral cortex-Name 1 enviro stimulus that humans can perceive oVision, touch, hearing, taste, smell-Photoreceptors and Thermoreceptors are 2 kinds of receptors, name 2 other types oMechano, chemo, and/or nociceptors -What is a good description of sweet taste bud receptor function?oMembrane receptors on sweet taste buds bind glucose or other sugars which initiates a G protein system which ultimately causes K+ channels to close, which thereby depolarizes the membrane -For the following traits of the autonomic nervous system, identify whether trait occurs in the sympathetic, parasympathetic or bothoPreganglionic fibers release acetylcholine: bothoPostganglionic fibers release acetylcholine: parasympathetic -During a fight or flight response " " receptors in blood vessels leading to the GI tract bind primarily " " which causes blood vessels to " "oAlpha, norepi, constrict-How are lipophilic hormones transported in the blood?oBound to proteins -What are 2 mechanisms by which binding of a hydrophilic hormone to a receptor on the cell membrane has an effect on the cell?oChange membrane potential or initiate second messenger system -True or False: a tropic hormone acts on another endocrine gland and causes it to release its hormone oTRUE-Thyroid hormones are produced from the amino acid " " and from " "oTyrosine, iodine -In Wookies, Gland A releases tropic hormone Alpha which stimulates Gland B to releasetropic hormone Beta which stimulates Gland G to release hormone Gamma, which influences numerous effector organs throughout the body. If negative feedback works in Wookies as it does inhuman the human hypothalamus-anterior pituitary hormonal systems, what is the most likely negative feedback system in Wookies?oGamma negatively feeding back on Gland A & Gland B to reduce output of hormones Alpha and Beta-What are some symptoms of Parkinson's oTremors, rigidity, difficulty moving, impairment/thinking -What is the Parkinson's mechanism oDestroys dopamine secreting cells in brain stem oAxon terminals from these cells are in the basal nucleioLack of dopamine means neurons in basal nuclei not getting messages they need so become non-functional -What is the CNS composed of?oBrain stem/spinal cord-What is the PNS composed of?oEfferent division (receives info from CNS)oAfferent division (sends info to CNS)-What components deals with the efferent division of the PNS?oSomatic nervous oAutonomic nervous-Sympathetic nervous -Parasympathetic nervous -What are the 3 classes of neurons oAfferent oEfferent oInterneurons -What is true of menstruation oEstrogen levels fall which causes corpus luteum to disintegrate which causes menstruation oProgesterone levels fall which causes the corpus luteum to disntegrate which causes menstruation -When a single hydrophilic hormone reaches a target cell, it canoBind to a receptor on the surface of the cell & activates a second messenger system inside the celloBind a receptor on the surface of the cell that causes ion channels to open or close and thereby alter the membrane potential of the cell-During a fight or flight response " " receptors in blood vessels leading to the heart bind primarily " " which causes the vessels to " "oBeta-2, epic, dilate-What represents the 5 components of a reflex arc in the correct sequenceoSensory receptor, afferents neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effecttor organ-How caffeine works:oAdenosine (the building block of ATP) builds up in your brain the longer you are awakeoAdenosine binds to receptors in arousal center of brain which makes you sleepyoCaffeine blocks adenosine receptors in brain neurons so you don't feel sleepyoAlso activates the sympathetic nervous system = jittery & stimulatedoAlso causes dopamine release in prefrontal lobes of brain; may be mechanism of addiction-How does Viagra work?oCompound called cGMP facilitates blood flow in penisoEnzyme called PDE5 found mostly in penis which breaks down cGMPoViagra inhibits PDE5 so that more cGMP builds up=facilitates erection-^ALS (lou gehrigs disease)oProgressive neurodegenerative disease, attacks motor neurons in the brain and spinal cordoProgressive degeneration of motor neurons oMotor neurons die, ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement lose oAll voluntary msucel action affected oPatients in later stages of disease become totally paralyzedoUsually mind is unaffected -2 types of hormones oTropic & non-tropic-2 control systems of the bodyoEndocrine & nervous-Types of diabetes oType I-Juvenile/child diabetes (10-15% of cases)-Insulin production reduced or absent -Caused by reduced number of insulin secreting cells in pancreas -Glucose can NOT enter cells oType II-late onset (85-90% of cases)-Insulin receptors on cells become less responsive -Caused primarily by overeating -Glucose can NOT enter cells -Rigor mortis oBinding of ATP causes myosin to release actin oAfter you die, membranes in muscle begin to decomposeoCa++ flood muscle cells oMuscles contractoNo ATP to bind to myosin head to allow muscles to relaxoEventually muscle proteins being to decompose & body relaxes -Birth control pillsoSynthetic progesterone and estrogen oStop GnRH release and hence -LH release blocked=blocks ovulation-FSH release blocked=no follicle