BIO 251 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Autonomic nervous system a. Structure b. Neurotransmittersc. Response of effector organs to sympathetic and parasympathetic II. Fight or flightIII. Parasympathetic housekeepingIV. How does Viagra workV. ALSVI. Human male sex cycle VII. Human female sex cycleVIII. Somatic nervous system IX. Structure of motor neurons X. Control XI. Structure XII. functionOutline of Current Lecture I. general principles a. endocrine system b. types of hormones c. general features d. 2 control systems II. Major classification of hormones a. General b. Peptides c. Animes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Steroids III. General function a. Hydrophilic hormones b. Liphilic hormones IV. Non-tropic endo systemsa. Pineal glandb. PancreasV. Tropic endo systems a. Hypothalamus & pituitary VI. Diabetes Current LectureGeneral principles-Endocrine system composed of ductless endocrine glands (6.1)oEndocrine glands-Invaginations of epithelial cells-Release product to inside body; blood transports product oEndocrine glands are a functional system oSpecific target cells respond to a particular hormone (based on presence of specific receptors of that hormone)-2 types of hormones oTropic-Act on another endocrine gland to produce hormone oNon-tropic-Act on target cell to produce event -General features of endocrine system oSingle endocrine gland can produce more than 1 hormone (ant pituitary produced 6)oSingle hormone can be produced by more than 1 endocrine gland (somatostatin produced by pancreas & hypothalamus)oSingle hormone can have more than 1 type of targe cell (vasopressin acts on kidney and blood vessels)oSingle target cell can be influence by more than 1 hormone (liver target of both insulin and glucagon)oSingle chemical can be both hormone & neurotransmitter (NE is released as a neurotransmitter by postganglionic cells in SNS & is also released as hormone by adrenal medulla)oSome organs only produce hormones (thyroid glands); others produce hormones and perform other functions (kidneys)-2 control systems of body: nervous vs. endocrine oNervous coordinates rapid, precise responses & important in interactions with external envirooEndocrine controls activities that require duration NOT speed Major classification of hormones -GeneraloSmall different in chem structure makes a big difference in function (testosterone vs. estradiol=masculinizing vs. feminizing)oChem of hormone determine how they are synthesized, stored, secreted, transported and how they function-PeptidesoSmall proteins (short chains of amino acids)oProduced by:-Pineal gland, pancreas, GI tract, kidney, liver, thymus, heart oHydrophilic & lipophobic (dissolve in water, NOT FAT)oTransport in blood-Dissolved in plasma-Animes oDerived from amino acid tyrosine o2 different types-Thyroid -T3 & T4-Lipophilic & hydrophobic (dissolve in fat not water)-Transport in blood -Bound to protein in blood-Adrenal medulla-Catecholamines (epi & NE)-Hydrophilic & lipophobic (dissolve in water, not fat)-Transport in blood-Dissolved in plasma -Steroids oDerived from cholesterol oProduced by -Adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta during pregnancy -Lipophilic & hydrophobic (dissolve in fat, not water)-Transport blood -Bound to protein in blood General function-Hydrophilic hormones (peptides & catecholaimes)oCant pass through lipid bilayer of membrane oBind to receptor on membrane oOpens/closes ion channels changing membrane permeability/potential (5.16)oOr triggers 2nd messenger systems-Drastically amplify the signal received by membrane receptor which alters activity of pre-existing proteins (5.19)-Lipophilic hormones (steroids & thyroid hormones) (5.11)oPass through lipid bilayer of membrane target celloInteract w/ DNA in nucleus of target celloAlter transcription of DNAoCauses formation of new proteins Non-Tropic Endocrine Systems -Pineal gland (6.2)oLocated in brain oResponds to amount of light? Wavelength of light?oProduces melatonin -Primary function -Regulates body's biological clock -Promoted as wonder drug for jet lag, sleep disorders-Pancreas (6.10)oResponds to blood glucose levelsoReleases insulin -Promotes uptake of glucose by cells from blood oReleases glucagon -Promotes increase in blood glucose levels Tropic Endocrine Systems -Hypothalamus & pituitary (6.2/6.3)oPituitary located at base of hypothalamus oHypothalamus & anterior pituitary -Ant pituitary makes & secretes 6 hormones-All but prolactin are tropic hormones-Growth hormone (regulates overall body growth)-Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; called a gonadotropin) -Lutenizing hormone (LH; gonadotropin)-Prolactin (enhances breast dev & milk production; function uncertain in males)-Hypothalamus produces & releases 7 hormones-Stimulate of inhibit the release of ant pituitary hormones -Regulation via negative feedback (6.6)HypothalamusAnt. Pituitary Endocrine glandHormone ResponseTRH TSH Thyroid glandT3 & T4 Metabolism & moreCRH ACTH Adrenal cortexCortisol Stress response & moreGnRH LH & FSH Gonads Androgens & estrogensReproductive cycle & morePRH + PIH- Prolactin N/A N/A Breast/lactationGHRH+ GHIH- Growth hormone Growth hormone LiverN/ASomatomedins N/AGrowthgrowth Diabetes-Types of diabetes oType I-Juvenile/child diabetes (10-15% of cases)-Insulin production reduced or absent -Caused by reduced number of insulin secreting cells in pancreas -Glucose can NOT enter cells oType II-late onset (85-90% of cases)-Insulin receptors on cells become less responsive -Caused primarily by overeating -Glucose can NOT enter cells -Complications of diabetes oDehydration & electrolyte disturbance caused by glucose in urineoVascular degeneration from too much sugar in blood that leads to stroke and heart disease and reduced blood flow oReduced blood flow leads to infection and delayed wound repair and blindness-Incidence o4-6% of US population o7th leading cause of US health problems -Type I treated w/ insulin injections -Type II treated w/ behavior modification (eating & exercise) and/or drugs