About the Great DepressionOctober 1929 – Stock market crash of 1929, ended roaring 20’sRole of government in economics (reinforced)11 of the most prominent investors committed suicideDust Bowl – Happened to farming land, sparked by droughtCauses of the Great Depression – Similar to Recession of 2008Overproduction – Farmers produced too much productMal-Distribution of Wealth, Tariffs43% of stock market owned by 1% of populationMassive tariffs so many could not afford productsFarmers as well of consumers did not like tariffsCirculation of dollars was low because of high tariffLow Regulation – Low or no regulation of stock market30% of stock market was bought on creditBanking Practices – not protecting consumers, they were spending money on stock marketEconomic IndicatorsStock prices went down; unemployment went up, about 25%Production slowed, cut in half; Banks closedSocial IndicatorsMarriage rates dropped by 30%; Birth rates dropped to 0%Crime went up, murder rate tripledResponses to Great DepressionHerbert Hoover – Was blamed for the depressionSecretary of Commerce, then elected as President in 1928He was willing to intervene in the great depression, but people did not support himBonus March – Group of World War I veterans needed their bonus but he postponed it, then the veterans marched to Washington, Hoover sent current troops to disperse them“Voluntary Cooperation” – met with business leaders to get them to help each otherNational Credit Corporation: businesses could pool money together“Trickle down” – give money to large institutions rather than consumers“Self-Liquidating” ventures – build toll roads and dams to alleviate the depressionSummary: Government was too late, but growing government role in US economyHoovervilles – Shanties and immigrant ghettos (Blamed Hoover)FDR and the New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt was elected as president after HooverDemocratic Coalition – Changed the voting block for the Democratic party, (African Americas, Urban areas)He had to get the south vote and urban votes (broad range)3rd Democratic president in historyOrganizations made by New DealFirst Phase – Relief and Immediate sufferingFederal Emergency Relief Association: Soup lines, fed peopleNational Recovery Association: passed price fixing, and incorporated trade unions.Public Works Association: Subways, put people back to work, roadsCivilian Conservation Core: helped young men and families, paved roadsAgriculture Adjustment Association: fought against overproduction, paid farmers not to farmFarm and Homeowner Mortgage Acts: temporary help with paying mortgagesGlass Steagal Act & FDIC: Insurance for people that would invest money in banksSecurity and Exchange Commission: Fought the problem of buying on credit, and set % what banks would have to keepTennessee Valley Authority: built hydroelectric power plantsSecond Phase: Recovery and ReformSocial Security: Elderly would have a source of income, temporary unemployment compensationWPA: Works Progress Association, made cities better, helped people go back to workCrop Insurance: farmers were not as vulnerableThe use of the Radio allowed for Roosevelt to “go” to the homes of his people (Fireside Chats)Fair Labor Standards Act: Restricted child labor, minimum wage, and overtime pay, 44 hours is regular time, taxation roseNational Labor relation Act: Roosevelt legalized collective bargainingIncreased Union membershipSummary of FDR’s LegislationStopped the crash, and became very popularSocial ReactionsSocialismTownsend Plan: Retirement plan for the elderly, $200 per monthFather Coughlin: Talk show, attacks against banks, criticized against FDR, popularity declinedHuey Long: Governor of Louisiana, steep income tax, more socialist than FDR, assassinatedConservative BacklashHerbert Hoover one of the people who did not like FDR’s policiesSupreme Court Packing Plan: FDR wanted to add a mandatory retirement age, and change number from 9 to 15New Deal SummaryRelieved suffering, more confidenceWWII ended DepressionUS Debt and Deficit SpendingDemocratic CoalitionGrowing size and role of US government (ended Laizzire Fair)Origins of WWIIHitler comes to power in 1939, Veinmar Republic (Democratic Structure of government of Germany after Kaiser)Hitler reputed the Treaty of Versailles, built up another armyGermany was against the socialists, but 1939 Russia (socialist/communist) and Germany signed Nonaggression PactSystematic extermination of Jews, during the 1941Hitler’s Aggression and new GeopoliticsAppeasement: Other countries were less eager to go to war, so they gave Germany what they want, annex the Chex republicBlitzkrieg: Lightning War, using air power and tanks, offensive warfare,September 1, 1939 Germany over powered Poland, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands and then France in 1940US Isolationism“Merchants of Death”: Big bankers and armament companies who profited from WWINye Committee and Neutrality Acts: Went and investigated the banks, and found that they were guilty of lobbyingNye Committee: Senator Nye led this, but started to blame Wilson and funding was cutNeutrality Acts: US would keep out of all international affairs, no loans, no American traveling on foreign shipsClergy wanted no part of the war this time, they were embarrassed after WWI, for believing rumorsBut this caused the dismissal of concentration campsRoad to WarDestroyers for Bases: British could borrow destroyer for bases in the CaribbeanLend-Lease Act: Leasing program for all war items for Britain, France, and ChinaPearl Harbor Attack: December 7th of 1941, got US involved in war, attacked because of US colonies in the PhilippiansWarrior Society: Japanese beliefs that US was weakGermany ally of Japan, also declared war on USSilenced the US PacifistsTurning Point of WWIIGermany overrode Soviet Union even with the Nonaggression Pact in 1941, and lost most of his military power there during the winterInvasion of the Soviet Union, weakened Germany, turning pointWWIIJapanese Internment CampsJapanese Immigrants were questioned for US loyaltyDraftInitial US DefeatsBataan Death March: US and Pilipino troops were marched to POW camps, treated badlyUS made a effort towards Total War, and Unconditional SurrenderGermany FirstSoviet Heavy Lifting: Soviet wanted help fighting GermanyBombing Raids: Targeted Germany industriesFlying Fortresses but many were destroyed by GermanyLargely unsuccessful, and lost many bombersEnigma Code: Encrypting